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The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine

TOWARD STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN NIGERIAN HOSPITALS

¹David, O. M. and ^*1,2Famurewa, O.

¹Department of Microbiology University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

²College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Osun State University, P. M. B. 4494, Osogbo, Nigeria

davidgenerationng@yahoo.com

Abstract: Infection control (IC), an integral part of safe, high quality patient care, is essential for the well-being of the patients, staff and visitors in all the healthcare facilities. The increasing awareness of hospital infections has motivated hospitals to improve their clinical hygiene practices. The practical details of IC are valid across all settings where healthcare is being provided globally. These rudiments need to be employed despite the consequences of constraints in wherewithal and support. They are intended to shield the patients, staff and visitors from exposure to infections and probably too, multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms and against the morbidity and mortality associated with these agents should an infection occur. Every effort should be made to ensure compliance with IC recommendations and/or regulations. As a first step, IC programme needs to establish the appropriate managerial structure within each level of the healthcare organization and to have defined roles and responsibilities for key personnel. This organizational structure is an essential element to the accomplishment of any public health agenda in order to ensure personal accountability and prevent system failure. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):1-7] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.01

Key words: Infection control, nosocomial infections, hospital-acquired infection, healthcare workers, infectious diseases.

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2

Model for Quantitative Analysis of Iron Upgraded during Solid-State Concentration of Iron Oxide Ore using Powdered Potassium Chlorate

Chukwuka I. Nwoye

Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria.

chikeyn@yahoo.com

Abstract: Model for quantitative analysis of the concentration of iron upgraded during solid-state concentration of iron oxide ore (using powdered potassium chlorate as oxidant) has been derived. The model ; %Fe = 6.4 [(6.3969-Inμ)^1.6667] was found to predict the %Fe upgrades quite close to the corresponding %Fe values obtained from the actual concentration process. It was found that at a treatment temperature of 600⁰C, the iron upgrade is dependent on the weight input of KClO₃ (oxidant). The validity of the model was rooted in equation (3) where both sides of the equation are correspondingly approximately equal to 4. The positive or negative deviation of each of the model-predicted values of %Fe from those of the corresponding experimental values was found to be less than 26% which is quite within the range of acceptable deviation limit of experimental results. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):8-11] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.02

Keywords: Model, Upgraded Iron, Concentration, Iron Oxide Ore.

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3

Model for Computational Analysis of Quantity of Heat Absorbed by Hydrogen Peroxide Solution relative to Weight-Input of Iron Oxide Ore during Leaching

^aNwoye C.I and ^bNwakwuo C.C

^aDepartment of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State.

^bOxford University United Kingdom, chikeyn@yahoo.com

Abstract: Model for computational analysis of heat absorbed by hydrogen peroxide solution (relative to the weight of iron oxide ore added) has been derived. The values of the heat absorbed Q as predicted by the model were found to agree with those obtained from the experiment that the leaching process is endothermic in nature hence the positive values of Q and the absorbed heat. The deviations of the predicted Q values from the experimental values were found to be within the acceptable range. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):12-14] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.03

Keywords: Model, Computational Analysis, Heat Absorbed, Hydrogen Peroxide, Iron Oxide Ore, Leaching

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4

DOES ENERGY AND IMPULSE ARE INTER CONVERTABLE

Manjunath R

manjunath5496@gmail.com

Abstract：Consider a photon of relativistic mass ‘m’ moving with speed ‘c’ is associated with the wavelength ‘l’ is given by the relation l=h/mc, Where h=planck’s constant (6.625*10^-34 JS). According to wave theory, speed of the photon wave is given by c = l /T, where T= time period. By substitution of value of ‘c’ in the equation l = h/mc, we get the expression m l^2 = hT. According to wave theory, as frequency of photon wave is given by f=1/T. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):15-18] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.04

Keywords: photon; relativistic mass; wavelength; wave theory

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5

数学神童陶哲轩

齐林泉

y-tx@163.com

Abstract: 陶哲轩，今天世界顶尖的华裔数学家之一。陶哲轩任职的加州大学洛杉矶分校，数学系前主任约翰·加内特评论陶哲轩说：他是一个令人难以置信的天才，还可能是目前世界上最好的数学家。他总能将复杂的数学问题化繁为简，世界上最出色的数学家都喜欢和他一同工作，他与合作者能够组建成世界上最强大的数学系。[Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):19-21] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.05

Keywords: 陶哲轩; 华裔; 数学

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6

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Expected Genetic Advance as Indices for Yield and Yield Components Selection in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

D. O. Idahosa¹ J. E. Alika² and A. U. Omoregie¹

1. Department of Crop Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria

2. Department of Crop Science, University of Benin, Nigeria.

E-mail: danielidahosa@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: In a population under selection for a metric character, gene frequencies are altered which are further modified by the mating systems employed to advance the selected genotypes. Hence, genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance studies were conducted in Ekpoma and Iyanomo locations and combined locations on eight cowpea genotypes in a randomized complete block design for grain yield and its components as well as other vegetative characters. Significant wide range of mean values were observed in all the characters evaluated various genetic indices for selection were estimated Genotypes indicated substantial variations for all characters in each and combined locations. High broad-sense heritability percentage was observed in all characters except for pod weight character which indicated low estimate of 25.5% in Iyanomo location. The expected genetic advance as percentage of population mean (GA%) was relatively high for pod length, pod weight, seeds per pod and 100-seed weight characters in the two locations. The high significant heritability and genetic advance observed in the genotypes across locations could be exploited through improvement and selection programmes in cowpea yield character [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):22-26] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.06

Keywords: Cowpea genotype, genetic advance, heritability, selection, character.

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7

弦膜圈说回采原子及原子核理论

----量子信息与健康上海论坛解读（6）

王德奎 （四川绵阳日报社）

y-tx@163.com

摘要：从三旋弦膜圈说入手重新认识原子与原子核物理学的背后机理，研究目的不是颠覆传统理论，而是希望帮助找到解决实验疑难的问题。[Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):27-39] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.07

关键词：三旋 冗余码 额外维 原子轨道模型

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8

Family Rutaceae in Kashmir Himalyas:

Poncirus trifoliata (L) Raf. - A New Record for Flora of Kashmir, India

Shabana Aslam¹, Khursheed Ahmad Ganaie², AQ John³ and GH Dar¹

1. Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J& K, India190006

2. Department of Botany, Islamia college of Science and Commerce, Srinagar, J& K, India 190006

3. Division of Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic plants, SKUAST- Kashmir, J& K, India 191121

Shabana_botany@yahoo.com; khursheedtrali@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: During our floristic study we recorded the occurrence of Poncirus trifoliata in many areas of Kashmir valley. This is the first exotic record of family Rutaceae from Kashmir Himalayas. The species has been introduced from Japan and has naturalized in the valley. The plants of this species are winter hardy and produce a good number of fruits and seeds and thus proliferate at a faster rate. The species is resistant to herbivory and other local pests (released from its enemies) with good reproductive success and high potential of invasivion. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):40-41] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.08

Key Words: Poncirus trifoliata, Rutaceae, Kashmir valley, naturalized, invasive

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9

Family Myrtaceae in Kashmir

Myrtus communis, L.-A New Record for the Shrub World of Kashmir Himalayas

Shabana Aslam¹, Khursheed Ahmad Ganaie², AQ John³ and GH Dar¹

1. Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J& K, India190006

2. Department of Botany, Islamia college of Science and Commerce, Srinagar, J& K, India 190006

3. Division of Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic plants, SKUAST- Kashmir, J& K, India 191121

Shabana_botany@yahoo.com; khursheedtrali@yahoo.co.in

 Abstract: During our floristic study on alien ornamental flora we recorded the occurrence of Myrtus communis belonging to family Myrtaceae for the first time from Kashmir Himalayas. The species is native to the Mediterranean region and has been introduced to Valley of Kashmir for its sweet fragrance and ornamental importance. This spectacular shrub finds a rich local distribution in the lawns, parks and gardens of the region, thus adding to the beauty of the Paradise on Earth, the Kashmir. With this addition, the alien flora of Kashmir Himalayas stretches to 572 species, 353 genera and 105 families. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):42-43] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.09

Key words: Myrtus communis, alien flora, Kashmir, Himalayas, Myrtaceae

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10

Force of Cherenkov radiation

Manjunath. R. (Reader in physics)

#16, 8^th Main road, Shivanagar, Rajajinagar, Bangalore-560010, Karnataka, India

manjunathr1988@yahoo.in

Abstract : The new mathematical model allows us to calculate force of electromagnetic radiation (Cherenkov radiation) . It is shown that the equation for the calculation of force of Cherenkov radiation radiation accounts for angular frequency of electromagnetic radiation and refractive index of the medium . The energy of Cherenkov radiation ,force of electromagnetic radiation (Cherenkov radiation ) and refractive index of the medium are brought togather in one frame of reference to explain the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation.The above expressions was developed based on the basic concepts of electromagnetic radiation and quantum mechanics.The fundamental universal constants like planck’s constant (h),speed of light(C) are included in the paper to explain the Cherenkov effect. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):44-48] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.10

Keywords : Force of electromagnetic radiation ( Cherenkov radiation) , Speed of light , Frequency of electromagnetic radiation, Wavelength of Cherenkov radiation, velocity of electromagnetic radiation.

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11

论历史学中的偶然性

====评普列汉诺夫的历史观====

谭天谭天荣

ttr359@126.com; ttr359@yahoo.com.cn荣 

Abstract: 十八世纪的研究历史哲学的人把历史事变归因于“能批判地思维的个人”的“自觉的活动”，很少想到在历史进程中起作用的“一般原因”。相反，十九世纪法国复辟时代的历史学家把历史看作一个规律性的自然过程，但他们没有对个人在历史上的作用问题给予一个确切圆满的回答。而普列汉诺夫在该书中所阐述的“现代唯物主义的历史观”则既承认历史的一般原因，又承认“个体的作用”，对个人在历史上的作用问题给予了一个最好的答案，未来属于这种历史观。 [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):49-56] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.11

Keywords: 历史; 哲学; 事变; 思维 [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):49-] (ISSN 1553-992X).

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12

概率与统计规律

一评波普尔的概率理论

谭天荣
青岛大学 物理系 青岛 266071
dszhang342009@hotmail.com

内容提要：本文指出：一个事件之所以是随机事件，不是因为它不能预测，而是因为我们发现了某种统计规律，该事件是服从这一统计规律的大量事件中的一个事件；概率计算是从统计的前提得出统计的结论，而不是从“无知”得出“在实践中得到光辉的验证的结论”。[Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):57-64] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.12

关键词：卡尔•波普尔；概率理论；随机事件；统计规律；统计资料

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13

我国远古人类跨海迁徙猜想有了回应

续孝文

y-tx@163.com

Abstract:“非洲起源”学说认为，现代中国人是３.５至８.９万年前从非洲迁移来的。而我国部分科学家用世界先进的方法，测得柳江人和鄂尔多斯人却可能生活在距今７万年至１３万年之间或更早，就认为这是现代人多地区起源说的重要证据。但这种不晚于距今7万年的年差反驳，如果其前提是20万年前生活在非洲的人类祖先，离开非洲分散到世界各地代替当地的土著居民，走的是陆路，这就不完备了。因为与陆路相对还有海路。现在中国学者的这一猜想，得到欧洲学者的回应。[Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):65-66] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.13

Keywords: 非洲; 起源; 人类; 祖先

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14

解开太极八卦图为人类美好未来服务

孙纯武

江苏省扬州三力电器集团, 中国江苏省扬州市西湖镇59 号

电话: 0514 一 82822538 邮编225008

电子信箱: yzscw@163.com; 博客: http://yzscw.blog.163.com

[摘 要]: 中国独有的古老的太极八卦图确实有着很宏奥的哲理，它也正在叩击现代科学殿堂的大门。由于年代久远，对今天的人说来，仍是一个引人入胜的谜：究竟它是受了什么启发怎么创造出来的？太极八卦图有那些作用？创造出它来究竟是为了什么目的？因此真正解开太极八卦图己成刻不容缓的事了. [Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):67-72] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.14

[关键词]: 八卦图图解; 来源; 功能作用等

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15

分子的形成

陈果仁

renzichen@yahoo.cn; zhaor111@hotmail.com

提要：以太是世界的本原，质子、中子、电子等所有基本粒子都是微观以太漩涡，称旋子。旋子在自旋的同时不断吸收与喷射以太，从而形成各种旋子场。质子与中子同时具有核场、万有场、电场与磁场，电子同时具有万有场、电场与磁场，旋子就是以各种旋子场逐级结合为核子、原子、分子的。[Academia Arena, 2010;2(5):73-83] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.15

关键词：以太; 本原; 质子; 中子; 电子; 基本粒子; 核子; 原子; 分子。

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16

广义相对论，奇点，黑洞，霍金辐射，宇宙起源，普朗克领域，宇宙黑洞，真空能，宇宙常数

 ====对当代科学界一些主流的新观念的理解和质疑====

张 洞 生, Dongsheng Zhang

1957年毕业于北京航空学院,即现在的北京航天航空大学

永久住址: 17 Pontiac Road, West Hartford, CT 06117-2129, U.S.A.

E-mail: ZhangDS12@hotmail.com

内容摘要：现在爱因斯坦的广义相对论方程几乎与所有当代的物理学的新观念联系在一起。比如，宇宙起源，奇点，黑洞，零点能，真空能，N维空间等等。然而，已经观测到的物理真实往往证实这些与广义相对论方程相结合的新观念的虚幻性和谬误。其中最明显而困惑科学家们数十年的“奇点”问题就是其中之一。宇宙中根本没有具有无穷大密度“奇点”存在的任何迹象。再如，按照J. Wheeler等估算出真空的能量密度可高达10⁹⁵g/cm³。这些都是不可思议的。。在本文中，作者改采用霍金的黑洞量子辐射理论，只研究黑洞在其视界半径上的收缩和膨胀，而不研究黑洞的内部状态。结果，黑洞只能收缩成为普朗克粒子m_p,而在普朗克领域爆炸消失，不可能最后收缩成为“奇点”。作者并由此证实许多新观点和结论比现代故弄玄虚的科学新观念显得更为可信可靠。[Academia Arena, 2010;3(5):84-107] (ISSN 1553-992X).

doi:10.7537/marsaaj020510.16

关键词：广义相对论，黑洞；奇点；宇宙黑洞；黑洞的霍金辐射；宇宙起源；字宙监督原理；普朗克领域；零点能；真空能；宇宙常数；N维空间；宇宙加速膨胀；多宇宙

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