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Application of Artificial Neural Network to Satellite Images Classification

Dharmbeer Singh¹, Gaurav Sharma² Garima Bhardwaj³

¹ Associate Professor at Lord Krishna Group of Engineering Ghaziabad- 201001, India.

² Associate Professor at Lord Krishna Group of Engineering Ghaziabad- 201001, India.

³ Associate Professor at Lord Krishna Group of Engineering Ghaziabad- 201001, India.

dharm033@gmail.com, gaurav21.leo@gmail.com, gari2787@gmail.com

Abstract: Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become a popular tool in the analysis of remotely sensed data. Remotely sensed images are major sources of data and information that are used in various fields such as environmental studies, forest management, and urban change detection etc. Although significant progress has been made in image classification based upon neural networks, a number of issues remain to be resolved. This paper reviews remotely sensed data analysis with neural networks. First, we present an overview of the main concepts underlying ANNs, including the main architectures and learning algorithms. Then, the main tasks that involve ANNs in remote sensing are described. The limitations and crucial issues relating to the application of the neural network approach are discussed. A brief review of the implementation of ANNs in some of the most popular image processing software packages is presented. Finally, we discuss the application perspectives of neural networks in remote sensing image analysis. Remotely sensed images are major sources of data and information that are used in various fields such as environmental studies, forest management, and urban change detection etc. So far many efforts have been performed to extract information from remotely sensed images and various methods have been developed in this field. One of the main approaches is quantitative analysis (digital interpretation). Among digital techniques, classification is a common and powerful information extraction method, which is used in remote sensing. There are two techniques that are used for classification in pattern recognition such as Supervised Classification and Unsupervised Classification. In supervised learning technique the network knows about the target and it has to change accordingly to get the desired output corresponding to the presented input sample data. Most of the previous work has already been done on supervised classification. In this study we are going to present the classification of satellite images using Unsupervised classification method of ANN.

[Dharmbeer Singh, Gaurav Sharma, Garima Bhardwaj. Application of Artificial Neural Network to Satellite Images Classification. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):1-4] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.01

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, Satellite images, Supervised Classification, Unsupervised Classification

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智慧坚守创新和道德前沿科学常青（序）

王德奎

中国科技城绵阳

y-tx@163.com

Abstract: “多模具论”不等于“多世界理论”。 因为这里的“盲人摸象”类比的是整个的微观和宇宙结构，指的是物质的一元论。即把各种类别的“大象”，各种数目的“大象”，甚至是把所有的生物或者物体包括在一起的综合，所以不存在“多世界”。从多模具来论看，“多世界”也仅仅是描述微观和宇宙结构的模具中的一种。

[王德奎. 智慧坚守创新和道德前沿科学常青（序）. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):5-8] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 2

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.02

Keywords: 多模具论; 多世界理论; 盲人摸象;宇宙; 物质; 一元论;

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场本原论

作者：陈果仁

renzichen@yahoo.cn

内容提要：宏观上，光介质连续且无边无际；微观上，基本粒子由物质构成。如果能够以实验证明以太场既是光介质，同时又是构成基本粒子的物质，那么就以实验证明了宏观世界与微观世界首尾相接，证明了以太场是世界的本原。物体表面暗线的存在不但证明了光以以太场为传播介质，而且证明了基本粒子是由以太场构成的。以太场是世界的本原。以太场是流体，以太场旋涡大爆炸产生无数微观以太场漩涡，称旋子。旋子具有场性，称旋子场。以太场转化为旋子的过程，就是以太场转化为旋子场的过程。核场、万有场、电场、磁场等统称旋子场。每个旋子同时具有几种旋子场，每种旋子场在各个方向的强度、相对作用距离都不同，旋子场具有精细结构，称旋子精构场。质子、中子、电子等旋子通过它们的精构场自组织为核子、原子、分子、生物大分子等，形成固定的空间点阵。

[陈果仁. 场本原论. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):9-16] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 3

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.03

关键词：顶级关键词：以太场漩涡。生物大分子复杂可变精构场。次级关键词：以太场，核场，万有场。显现场，隐含场。旋子精构场。

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评大亚湾中微子实验结果解释 ----- 质量超弦中微子振荡验证庞加莱猜想

曹建翔

【摘要】我们说中微子实验是金矿，原因并不仅是中微子实验能得诺贝尔物理奖，以及在中微子通讯、中微子地球断层扫描，无化学与核污染的中微子能源、材料、环境等的运用和开发，前景广阔，而主要是核电基地很多国家都能开发，那么广泛开展的核电基地中微子实验，将成为推动前沿科学或高能物理的理论发展与验证的金矿。

[曹建翔. 评大亚湾中微子实验结果解释. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):17-28] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 4

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.04

【关键词】中微子振荡 大亚湾设计 粒效团 庞加莱猜想

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电阻率与导电媒质中电子输运的模拟研究

杨发成

瑞达科技发展中心，克拉玛依市 834000 中国 新疆

联系人，e-mail: yangfacheng2006@163.com

摘要：在通常温度条件（20 ⁰C）下，以导电媒质（金属导体）作为研究对象，从微观及介观尺度通过对纯电阻电路中电流的热效应及电阻率的模拟研究，发现电阻率跟导体中单位体积内自由电子电荷量密切关联. 从一维电子链的定向迁移角度审视，传导电流是呈宏观态脉动方式定向迁移的. 为此，作者进一步从微观、介观及能带理论观念上对导电体从常温向低温过渡，以及超低温下超导电性进行了分析，从而得出，金属导体中存在两种电流——传导电流和运流电流. 常温下金属导体中以传导电流为主，低温环境下金属导体以运流电流为主导，而超导态下金属导体中的电流近乎全属运流电流.

[杨发成. 电阻率与导电媒质中电子输运的模拟研究. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):29-38] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 5

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.05

关键词： 电阻率；一维电子链；晶格面；传导电流；运流电流

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The Production Of Tempeh-Like Food Product Using African Breadfruit Seeds (Terculia africana)

N. Maduka, H. O. Njoku and N.N. Odu

Food and Industrial Microbiology Division, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

henrynjoku@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Breadfruit tempeh was prepared by fermenting African breadfruit seeds with Rhizopus oligosporus (NRRL 2710) and later used as filler to formulate breadfruit pie. Sensory evalution was carried out on this food product. During the fermentation process, physicochemical changes and proximate analysis of breadfruit tempeh were monitored at 12 hour interval until 60 hour. Crude fiber content decreased from 14% to 1.07% and carbohydrate content from 28.57% to 24.57%. The protein content increased from 7.86% to 10.94%, nitrogen content from 1.26% to 1.75%, ash content from 0.7% to 0.9%, lipid content from 5.60% to 8.60% and moisture content from 48.60% to 55.70% which later reduced to 53.80%. Reducing sugar was not detected. P^H decreased from 6.55 to 5.71 while temperature increased from 29^oC to 45^oC and later declined to 39^oC. The fermenting breadfruit tempeh was harvested at 36hr and a portion of it was deep- fried, some oven dried and the remaining portion were steam- boiled and they were used as fillers in different combinations to formulate breadfruit pie. Oven-dried breadfruit tempeh plus meat pie fillers had the highest protein content of 28.88% while meat pie fillers had the least protein content of 13.42%. Deep-fried breadfruit tempeh mixed meat pie fillers was the preferred among all the filler used to formulate breadfruit pie.

[N. Maduka, H. O. Njoku and N.N. Odu. The Production Of Tempeh-Like Food Product Using African Breadfruit Seeds (Terculia africana). Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):39-43] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 6

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.06

KEY WORDS: Fermentation, Physicochemical, Proximate analysis, Rhizopus oligosporus, Tempeh.

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Taxonomical studies on some Populus species based on DNA polymorphism as fingerprinting

M.M. Mansor¹, M.S. Shehata² and I.M.M. Barakat¹

1. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University.

2. Horticulture Research Institute Agriculture Research Center.

baracat.potany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Four Populus species studied by using gel electrophoresis of DNA molecules based on five primers, and the obtained results apparently cleared that there were similarity grade among the four Populus species where the similarity was the highest value of 90.53 between the P. deltoides and P. euroamericana, followed by P. nigra and P. deltoides who register 81.19, followed by P. nigra and P. euroamericana record of 79.17, followed by P. euroamericana and P. alba who record 75.862, followed by P. deltoides and P. alba where recorded 73.91, after that the lowest value was between the P. nigra and P. alba which recorded 68.82. It means that P. deltoides and P. euroamericana were much more similar.

[M. M. Mansor, M. S. Shehata and I. M. M. Barakat. Taxonomical studies on some Populus species based on DNA polymorphism as fingerprinting. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):44-57] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 7

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.07

Key words: DNA; Populus; RAPD-PCR; molecules based; primer; fingerprinting; gel electrophoreses bands

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Wetland Bird Fauna of Morni Hills of district Panchkula, Haryana, India

¹Ajay Kadian and ²Anita Kadian

¹Conservator of Forest, North Circle (Forest Department), Panchkula-134109, Haryana (India)

²Forensic Science laboratory (Biology Division), Madhuban, Karnal-132001, Haryana (India)

²Email- kadiananita@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was planned in three natural ponds of Morni hill, Panchkula, Haryana (India). Direct contact as well as scan sampling methods was followed for the present study. A total numbers of 27 wetland birds species belonging to four orders and seven families were recorded from these three natural ponds of Morni Hills. The dominant wetland birds species in habiting in study area included, Common Teal (Anas crecca), Eurasian Wigeon (Anas Penelope), White capped Water Redstart (Chaimarrornis leucocephalus), Red Wattled Lapwing (namely, Vanellus indicus, Hoplopterus indicus, Lobivanellus indicus, Lobivanellus goensis), Plumbeous Water Redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa), Comb Duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos), Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea), White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), Stilt (Himantopus himantopus mexicanus), Shoveller (Anas clypeata), Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), Gadwall (Anas strepera), Forest Wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus), Little Cormorant (Microcarbo niger), White Breasted Water hen (Amaurornis phoenicurus), Black Winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus), Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola),Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava), Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea), Spot-billed Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), Tufted Pochard (Aythya fuligula) and Red-Crested Pochard (Rhodonessa rufina). Order Anseriformes observed to belongs maximum numbers (11 species) of wetland species while order Pelecaniformes belongs to minimum (1 species). Similarly, observed 27 wetland species, varied from minimum in family Scolopacidae (1 species) species to maximum in family Anatinae (11 species). The paper presents an over view of abundance, residential and conservational status and major threats to wetland fauna of study area.

[Ajay Kadian and Anita Kadian. Wetland Bird Fauna of Morni Hills of district Panchkula, Haryana, India. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):58-67] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 8

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.08

Keywords: Birds fauna, wetland, pond, Haryana

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对真空中光速不变的一种解释

张祥前

中国安徽庐江县郭河镇北圩村, 邮编231524, 电话05657968515

zzqq2100@163.com

Abstract: 洛伦茨变换是狭义相对论的基础，而洛伦茨变换中光速不变是主要依据，光速为什么不变？我们用空间运动来给出一种解释。

[张祥前. 对真空中光速不变的一种解释. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):68-70] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 9

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.09

Keywords: 洛伦茨变换; 狭义相对论; 光速; 空间; 运动

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刘路与西塔潘猜想和大亚湾中微子实验

曹建翔

【摘要】把西塔潘猜想与大亚湾中微子实验联系起来，实属偶然，也是必然。解读刘路和中南大学重奖刘路的现实意义，可以说是大亚湾中微子实验的升级版。

[曹建翔. 刘路与西塔潘猜想和大亚湾中微子实验. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):71-88] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 10

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.10

【关键词】中微子; 格点; 西塔潘猜想; 刘路

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劳动价值论适用于脑力劳动吗？

谭天荣

青岛大学 物理系 青岛 266071

ttr359@126.com

Abstract: 怎样将劳动价值论应用于脑力劳动，这是劳动价值论的一个新课题。王若水对这一新课题的探讨尽管误入歧途，仍然不失为一项开创性的工作。为了完成这一新课题，关键的一步是揭示关于“价值”的“语义的错位”。这一错位从来就是劳动价值论的一个组成部分，只不过过去没有人揭示它而已。然而，只要这一错位未经揭示，劳动价值论就是“不自洽”的。换句话说，劳动价值论从创立至今，数百年来一直处于潜在的自相矛盾状态！王若水的贡献在于，他第一次把劳动价值论的这一矛盾从暗处推向明处。

[谭天荣. 劳动价值论适用于脑力劳动吗？Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):89-91] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 11

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.11

Keywords: 劳动价值; 脑力劳动; 王若水

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GIS最佳路径算法在哈尔滨交通道路中的应用研究

隋敏, 王维芳

哈尔滨市东北林业大学林学院

hlj_suimin@163.com; weifangwang@126.com

摘要: 以哈尔滨交通道路图为底图，建立哈尔滨市交通道路及地物的完整空间数据库，完成空间数据库和属性数据库的连接。从GIS网络最短路径算法的实际情况出发，以及Dijkstra算法搜索技术的实现入手，基于MapX控件利用VB语言进行二次开发，完成最佳路径Dijkstra优化算法在哈尔滨交通道路上的实现与应用。

[隋敏, 王维芳. GIS最佳路径算法在哈尔滨交通道路中的应用研究. Academ Arena. 2012;4(4):92-96] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 12

doi:10.7537/marsaaj040412.12

关键词: 最短路径；Dijkstra 算法；MapX

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