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Enhancing Food Security through Access to Domestic Markets in Rural Rwanda: A case study of Nyabihu District

Alfred R. BIZOZA ^1,*, Jean Paul NGABO ²

1. Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rwanda. P.O. Box. 117, Butare, Rwanda. E-mail: alfredbiz23@gmail.com

2. Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rwanda. P.O. Box. 117, Butare, Rwanda. E-mail: alfredbiz23@gmail.com

* Corresponding Author

Abstract: Food security constitutes key area for policy and development intervention in Rwanda and elsewhere. The role of the markets is important in promoting food security in terms of food accessibility - one of key components. The aim of this paper is to assess the role of the markets in promoting food security at small scale level, with focus to the maize value chain in four Sectors Nyabihu District, Northern Rwanda. Results from the analysis of data collected among 80 households show that Mukamira and Jenda have higher marketing efficiency compared to Bigorwe and Kabatwa Sectors. Better access to market constitutes major explanation of the observed marketing efficiency; leading to food availability. Extra measures and incentives would be required to continue ensure access to domestic markets by farmers in order to sustain the interventions towards food security in Rural Rwanda.

[Alfred R. BIZOZA, Jean Paul NGABO. Enhancing Food Security through Access to Domestic Markets in Rural Rwanda: A case study of Nyabihu District. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):1-12]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 1. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.01

 Key Words: Food security, Market access, Marketing efficiency, Rwanda

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The rupture in Religion and Politics in Anatolian Islam

Heshmatollah Falahat Pisheh (PhD) *¹ (Corresponding author), Amir Abbas Ghassempour ²

^1. Department of Political Science, University professor, Allameh Tabatabaee University, Iran

Head of Sub-Committee of Foreign Relations at Iranian Parliament (7th.& 8th.terms of Legislature). President of the Inter-Parliamentary Group & head of the Foreign relations Sub-committee of the Parliament (2004-2012) Email:drfalahatpisheh@yahoo.com, Tel:+989121473148

² M.A at International relations, Senior expert of Inter- Parliamentary affairs.

Abstract: The paradigm of Anatolian Islam in Turkey is at present facing a serious rupture of “Religion & Politics“. This rupture is resulted from the failure of in the unity and also power struggle among the current tribe of politicians such as Rajab Tayeb Ordogan from one hand and proponents of the Fethullah Gulen from other hand. Today, Gulen Movement in a new Turkey is recognized as one of the main intellectual currents in the field of political science in that country and the Middle East region as a whole.

[Heshmatollah Falahat Pisheh, Amir Abbas Ghassempour. The rupture in Religion and Politics in Anatolian Islam. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):13-25]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 2. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.02

Key words: Badiozzaman noursi, Gulen, Justise &Development Party, Nour (The Light) Movement, Islamic Unity, Kurdish Issue.

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Abstract:   This scientific research article attempts to focus the philosophical distinction between “ENDOS” and “INDOS” in the pre-history and history of origin of universe, Life, Geological evolution of various “human races” based on anthropological science. This research strongly focus that the whole cosmo universe, matters including human shall be considered as “Created” initially and subsequently all those created matters further evolved into three species during expanding  universe due to genetic variation  in growth of environmental radiation conditions.   The philosophy of “ENDOS” shall be considered as the existence of Human race and other plants and Animals in the “MARS PLANET” (also called as EZHEM LAND) in the early universe before origin of life in “EARTH PLANET”. The philosophy of “INDOS” shall be considered as the existence of Human races and plants and Animals on the EARTH PLANET.    It is speculated that the philosophy or perfect understanding about ENDOS / INDOS shall solve so many problems existing in current confused theories especially in the origin of Life, Ethics, Ethnics, in the human anthropological science.  “MATH-THURAI” shall be concerned associated with Ancient “INDO CONTINENT” on the Earth Plant.[M.Arulmani, B.E., V.R.Hema Latha, M.A., M.Sc., M.Phil. THE ENDOS?... A new theory on “Math-Thurai”Academ Arena 2014;6(6):26-42]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 3. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.03

2.      Key Words:

a)                 Philosophy of “ENDOS/ INDOS”

b)                 Philosophy of “REAL and IMAGE”

c)                  Philosophy of “GOD and HUMAN”

d)                 Philosophy of “ACEAE and AMOEBA”

e)                  Philosophy of “TRIBE”

f)                   Philosophy of word “RELIGION”.

g)                 Etymology of word “MADURAI”

h)                 Etymology of “Dr”

i)                   Etymology of word “GOD”

j)                   Philosophy of  “LANGUAGE”

k)                 Philosophy of “HUMAN-e”

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爱因斯坦及其“相对论”  

李泱 

Abstract: 任何智慧生命和任何智慧存在形态自身要想存在和发展， 就必须尽可能的去掌握无边无际的自然规律，之一点毋庸置疑。但他们在无极无限的宇宙和数不胜数的自然规率面前，是无限的渺小和微不足道。他们充满欲望和极度脆弱的心灵太需要一种外在精神力量来拯救了，“控制论”在所谓“科学理性”的时代取代了宗教的地位和功能来救赎人类的心灵。人类所创建的“控制论”以及所有与之相同或相似的理论，都是在其创建者的历史相对于宇宙只是瞬间，广义客观环境相对稳定的前提下，用其创造者已掌握的自然规律对其创造者已知极其狭义的客观环境的运行变化所做出的预判，因而极具成功概率的，足以使群体信服，足以抚慰群体心灵而使之对未来充满希望和信心的由足够程度智能的拥有者设计出的精神力量。无论其设计者内心明了，只是出于其所存在群体内部统治的需要，还是其自身真心信服这一理论。这就是“控制论”的本质。

[李泱.爱因斯坦及其“相对论”. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):43-47]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 4. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.04

Keywords: 爱因斯坦; 相对论; 智慧; 生命; 存在形态; 自身; 存在; 发展; 自然规律; 无限; 宇宙; 精神; 控制论; 科学; 理性; 宗教; 本质。

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“Authorities Under I.T.Act, 2000:  With Special Reference To Cyber Appellate Tribunal In India”

Jamshed Ansari

Asstt. Professor (Guest Faculty), Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, Delhi (INDIA)

E-Mail- jamshedansari024@gmail.com

Date: 14.05.2014

Abstracts: The author aims to examine the different Authorities under Information Technology Act, 2000 with special reference to Cyber Appellate Tribunal. For this purpose the author had to go through the powers, functions and duties of such authorities with respect to their respective domain. It is better for a city to be governed by a good man than even by good laws. For the better implementation of the mandate of the Information Technology Act, 2000, the proper authorities are required and that the IT Act itself made provision for the same. The author has formulated the following questions and has tried to find out the answer- What are different Authorities under IT Act, 2000? Whether appointment of Chairman of the CAT as per the guidelines given in Judges Appointment case is proper. Whether the provision taking away the power of judicial review is in violation of basic structure of the Constitution of India. Whether the Authorities given in IT Act is sufficient for the better implementation of mandate of IT Act, 2000. What is the role of High Court under IT Act, 2000?

[Ansari, Jamshed. Authorities under I.T. Act, 2000:  With Special Reference to Cyber Appellate Tribunal in India. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):48-54]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 5. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.05

Key Words:  Cyber Appellate Tribunal, cyber crime, regulatory authorities, digital signature, authentication etc.

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Trophic Status of Manasbal Lake on the Basis of Water Chemistry and Periphyton

P.S.A. Kanue & S. Munshi

Govt. Degree College (Women)

K.P. Road, Anantnag, Kashmir P.O.H.P.O. Anantnag. 192101,   J&K, India

Corresponding Author: Prince Shabir Ahmad Kanue

Abstract: An attempt has been made to assess the trophic status of Manasbal Lake on the basis of water chemistry & biotic characteristics (Periphytic Flora & Fauna). A total of 138 taxa of periphytic algae & 53 genera of periphytic micro-fauna were recorded on four macrophytes namely Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton lucens, Ceratophyllum demersum and Nymphoides peltatum. While applying OECD standards to Manasbal lake, advanced trophic level of the water body was found. Further eutrophic forms were well represented in the periphyton community of Manasbal lake,thus it is assumed that the lake is also enjoying some degree of eutrophication as a few species of oligotrophic nature are still present in the lake though in small numbers.

[P.S.A. Kanue & S. Munshi. Trophic Status of Manasbal Lake on the Basis of Water Chemistry and Periphyton. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):55-58]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 6. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.06

Keywords: Manasbal lake, water chemistry, periphytic algae, periphytic micro-invertebrate, eutrophic.

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Implementation And Qualities Of Multimedia Technologies In Technical and Vocational Education

Engr. Muhammad Mujtaba Asad¹, Dr. Razali Bin Hassan²  , Engr. Fahad Sherwani³ 

FPTV, Universii Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja Batu Pahat Johor Malaysia

Abstract: Multimedia technologies have potential to produce high quality learning environments which actively engage the learner of technical and engineering or Vocational education, Because in this modern era information technology is involved in every field of life, and with the help of information technology we can easily generate and develop very efficient and effective interactive medias for our learners. Computer based multimedia and teaching techniques are very sufficient for all age group students. In technical and vocational education, Multimedia applications are increasing day by day due to technology involvement in the industries and work place. This paper starts with an overview of the specifications and general characteristics of multimedia in TVE like how multimedia involvement is effective in TVE and how can be used to enhance that process of teaching and learning in technical and vocational subjects and its implications in this modern era of technical and vocational education from different prospective.

[Muhammad Mujtaba Asad, Razali Bin Hassan, Fahad Sherwani. Implementation And Qualities Of Multimedia Technologies In Technical and Vocational Education. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):58-61]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 7. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.07

Keyword: Media in education; Multimedia/hypermedia Systems; Simulations; Architectures for educational technology system; interactive learning environments.

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Abstract: This scientific research article  focus that the “FISSION”, “FUSION” in Astronomical terms shall be considered as the “GLOBAL POLITICS” of super nature by decay, Annihilation of atoms for formation of various matters for betterment of human and sustainability of life system on the “EARTH PLANET”. “RAIN” shall be considered as the one of the fundamental matters of universe essential for all life. This research focus that “Earth” shall be considered as the “UNIVERSAL DAM” acts as a storage device of “Rain” in the form of “OCEAN” for existence of all matters of universe under “ELECTROMAGNETIC EQUILIBRIUM”. In proto Indo Europe Language the “Earth Planet” shall be called as “MA-DAM”. Ma-Dam shall mean Universal dam of “Natural Rain Water Harvest”.  “Rain shall be considered as the natural product of “Fission”, “Fusion” action for the betterment of mankind and sustainability of life”. ( Author) 

[M.Arulmani, B.E., V.R.Hema Latha, M.A., M.Sc., M.Phil. THE GLOBAL POLITICS?. A New theory on “Universal Dam”. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):62-68]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 8. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.08

 1.       Key Words:

a)      Philosophy of “White Blood”

b)      Philosophy of “Earth dam”

c)       Philosophy of “J-politics”

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机械能守恒定律与力学相对性原理关系诹议

李学生 (Li Xuesheng)

1922538071@qq.com

摘要： 本文分析了牛顿定律、功能原理和机械能守恒定律在不引入惯性力的前提下，仅适用于绝对时空观（物体或者系统不受外力或者合外力为0）下的低速惯性系，它们都满足力学相对性原理，对于这一问题的争论分析了其原因，使经典力学体系更加统一与和谐. 通过计算得出当物体质量与地球质量相比非常小的情况下，以地球为参照系机械能守恒定律近似成立，并且进一步指明自由落体运动规律也是近似规律.

[李学生. 机械能守恒定律与力学相对性原理关系诹议. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):69-76]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 9. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.09

关键词：功能原理；机械能守恒定律；力学相对性原理；低速惯性系；绝对时空观

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几个理论物理问题

李学生 (Li Xuesheng)

 1922538071@qq.com

Abstract: 经典相对性原理认为，一切运动都是相对的，它包括匀速、加速、变加速、转动和自旋；爱因斯坦相对论不具有转动的相对性. 物体在转动过程中的角速度变大，角动能0.5Iω²也增大，对于不同的匀速转动坐标系转动惯量I是否满足洛伦兹变换？转动增加的能量是否也是静止质量的一部分？狭义相对论认为物理规律对于所有的惯性系是相同的，可是惯性系如何定义？是否是相对于绝对时空的惯性系，如果这样狭义相对论并没有完全排斥绝对时空的存在？如何解释下面的理想实验：假设在一个封闭系统中有两个物体，一个不带电荷也没有磁矩，另一个带有电荷，它们的引力质量相等，分别位于A、B两点，观察者处于线段AB的中点，两个物体同时由静止出发相向运动，它们所受的力大小相等.按照狭义相对论，它们的引力质量在任何时刻都相等，引力能量相等，可是根据经典电动力学由带电的物体将不断地辐射电磁波，那么能量从何而来？如果能量守恒把物体辐射的电磁波考虑在内，由于电磁力满足宇称守恒, 因此辐射电磁波的总动量应当为0，由带电的物体速率应当大，能量仍然不守恒.笔者通过电磁质量的量子化以及电磁质量不是引力质量的一部分，圆满地解释了这个问题，不知是否正确？现代物理学认为在引力场中下落的电子速度远低于电磁场的传播速度，即使没有外来电磁场，电子在自己激发的电磁场中的异步运动就导致电磁阻尼使电子的下降速度远落后于自由落体的速度，其在引力场中失去的势能只是部分地转化为它的动能，其余的转化为其内能（σT⁴）,其温度升高，它将有热辐射，这又导致其温度下降，但内能不会全转化为辐射能，故其温度仍会继续升高，从而其热辐射频率和强度也越来越强，从而该电子在引力场中失去的势能只是部分地转化为它的动能，其余部分一部分作为辐射能辐射出去，其余的保留为由其升高的温度表征的内能.

[李学生. 几个理论物理问题. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):77-84]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 10. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.10

Keywords:运动; 相对; 匀速; 加速; 变加速; 转动; 自旋；爱因斯坦; 相对论; 坐标系; 转动惯量;洛伦兹变换;静止; 质量;物理规律

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引力场中的高斯定理

李学生 (Li Xuesheng)

 1922538071@qq.com

Abstract: 万有引力和库仑力都是平方反比力，质点（或点电荷）在平方反比力作用下的运动轨迹是圆锥曲线。引力和静电力都是有势力，相应的引力势和静电势都满足三维空间里最简单的二阶（偏微分）方程——拉普拉斯方程.用ψ代表引力势或者静电势场，它在三维空间里所满足的拉普拉斯方程采取如下的形式：（¶²/¶x²+¶²/¶y²+¶²/¶z²）ψ(x,y,z)=0.由于相应的静电力和引力等于势的微分（的负值），它的大小便与半径r成反比了，即ψ（r）∝1/r,F(r)=- dψ/dr∝1/r²由于万有引力定律与Coulomb^,s  law本质是一样的，因此引力场中也存在高斯定理，并且与万有引力定律等价.

[李学生. 引力场中的高斯定理. Academ Arena 2014;6(6):85-87]. (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 11. doi:10.7537/marsaaj060614.11

Keywords:万有引力; 库仑力; 电荷; 运动; 轨迹; 引力; 静电力; 电势场

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