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Evaluation of the In-vitro effects of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis Oils Extract Against Selected Bacteria

¹Etu, Emmanuela,  ²Ijigbade, Bamidele

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Auja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria

²Primary Healthcare Development Agency Ondo State, Nigeria

¹josephella2014@gmail.com,           ² deleijigbade@yahoo.com

Abstract: The in-vitro activities of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils extract against selected bacteria was evaluated. The Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils was extracted by mechanical exhaustive extraction using the hydraulic press to obtain crude oil extracts from the seeds. In-vitro activities of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils extracts were determined against the bacterial strains using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was investigated by broth dilution technique. Two commonly used antibiotics were used as controls against the test organisms. The in-vitro activity of both J. curcas and R. communis against all the test organisms increased as the concentration increased. Zone diameter of inhibition of J. curcas oil at 100% against Bacillus subtilis was 17.0±0.00 mm, Staphylococcus aureus 21.0±0.00 mm, Escherichia coli 15.0±3.00 mm, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa12.5±0.50 mm while for R. communis oil, Bacillus subtilis was 14.0±1.00mm, Staphylococcus aureus 16.5±0.00mm, Escherichia coli 12.0±2.00mm and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10.5±0.50mm. zone diameter of inhibition of the controls (Ampicillin against Bacillus subtilis was 30.0±2.00 mm, Staphylococcus aureus 34.0±0.00 mm and Chloramphenicol against Escherichia coli was 28.0±1.00 mm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 26.0±1.00 mm) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the extracts of both Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils at all concentrations of 3.13 %, 6.25 %, 25 %, 50 % and 100 %. The minimum inhibitory concentration of R. communis oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) was 25%, Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Escherichia coli (LMG 21766) were 50% while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) was 100 % (Table 4). The minimum inhibitory concentration of J. curcas and R. communis oil extracts against all the test organisms were significantly different (P< 0.05) from the controls. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of J. curcas and R. communis oil extracts against all the test organisms were significantly different (P< 0.05) from the controls.

[Etu, Emmanuela, Ijigbade, Bamidele. Evaluation of the In-vitro effects of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis Oils Extract Against Selected Bacteria. Academ Arena 2022;14(2):1-7]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 1. doi:10.7537/marsaaj140222.01.

Keywords: Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, oils, in-vitro activities, MIC, MBC

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Study On Afghan Politics: Political View

Surender Kumar

*Student, Department of Political Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)

Email: surendersboudh@gmail.com

Abstract: Afghanistan is undergoing yet another in a seemingly endless series of radical transitions. Since 1973, the country has changed regimes, political systems, and outside interveners with the frequency that most countries hold national elections. This turmoil has led to decimated institutions, widespread fear and trauma, rampant short-termism, and deep distrust within and between all major factions. The current shift from the NATO military surge is marked by a 90-plus percent reduction of international forces and concomitant economic slowdown, continued assertions of dominance by Afghanistan’s neighbors, and Afghan security forces shouldering the primary burden of counterinsurgency. In 2014, Afghanistan undertook the first democratic transition of power between heads of state—though the result was controversial and led to a negotiated power-sharing arrangement labeled the National Unity Government (NUG). Despite sixteen years of massive international military, economic, and political assistance, the country remains beset by a debilitating array of conflicts driven by both internal and exogenous factors. The Taliban insurgency, with support from within Pakistan, continues to take territory. Militants affiliated with the self-proclaimed Islamic State are making inroads and have punctuated their presence with a series of high-profile terror attacks. Levels of violence continue to rise, and with them alarming numbers of civilian casualties. Economic migrants are leaving for Europe and neighboring countries, contributing to a brain drain and lost investment. And criminality in the otherwise peaceful cities causes fear among the slowly growing middle class.

[Kumar, S. STUDY ON AFGHAN POLITICS: POLITICAL VIEW. Academ Arena 2022;14(2):8-11]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 2. doi:10.7537/marsaaj140222.02.

Keywords: Politics, Afgan, Review

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Study On Scavengers: Community of Different Names

*Nandni Gautam and **Dr. Amit Kumar

*Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: nandniravi86@gmail.com

Abstract: The country has made multifaceted development in almost all areas since its independence. The concerning matter is that despite achievements, the country has not made desired progress in the area of social justice and social development. While a parliamentary law bans the manual scavenging and the government approves projects to wean the underprivileged section away from this dehumanizing occupation, cruel caste apartheid and brutalizing poverty perpetuate the practice. Furthermore, neo-liberal economic policies restrict alternative possibilities of having a dignified livelihood (Sunil Kuksal, 2009). At the onset of new century even after 62 years of independence and 16^th years of passing ‘the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrine (Prohibition) Act, the irony is that a few people of Scheduled Castes and among other religions are still involved in the hereditary occupation of manual scavenging. This occupation is despicable and degrading for those involved in it. (Akash Gulalia 2003).

[Gautam, N. and Kumar, A. Study On Scavengers: Community of Different Names . Academ Arena 2022;14(2):12-15]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 3. doi:10.7537/marsaaj140222.03.

Keywords: Scavanger, Community, Names

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“玄”学文化艺术交融的求衡演变

----文化艺术的求衡演变（2）

平角

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：西方有人把我国悠久丰富的民族文化艺术遗产,说成是“玄”学。我国也有人把西方现代的数、理、化研究方法，说成是“玄”学。但把我国悠久丰富的民族文化艺术遗产与西方现代的数、理、化研究方法结合，是有前途的，也不失为是一条赶超世界先进的文化艺术科学的道路。但有时民族的自傲和民族的自卑，也会不自觉地堵塞自己，把我国悠久丰富的民族文化艺术遗产与西方现代的数、理、化研究方法的结合，或是极端排斥自己的同胞把我国悠久丰富的民族文化艺术遗产与西方现代的数、理、化研究方法的结合。

[平角. “玄”学文化艺术交融的求衡演变----文化艺术的求衡演变（2）. Academ Arena 2022;14(2):16-23]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 4. doi:10.7537/marsaaj140222.04.

关键词：西方;民族; 文化; 艺术; 科学; 道路; 方法; 结合

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社会欲望的求衡演变

平角

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：“欲望”这个大家既熟悉又忌讳的东西，到底隐藏了多少秘密？研究21世纪社会欲望的求衡演变，触目惊心的是，现代社会，即使你喜欢孤独或是个隐士，也能被归属某个群体中的一员。

[平角. 社会欲望的求衡演变. Academ Arena 2022;14(2):24-31]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 5. doi:10.7537/marsaaj140222.05.

关键词：欲望；隐藏; 秘密; 社会;求衡; 演变; 群体

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社会需求的求衡演变

平角

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：社会需求与欲望,有时很难区分。但这种与人的内在的联系，并不能成为否认需求与欲望有各自的独特性.《现代汉语词典》的解释区别不大，也很含糊：需求指由需要而产生的要求；欲望指想得到某种东西或想达到某种目的的要求。所以我们还是来作具体研究的好。

[平角. 社会欲望的求衡演变. Academ Arena 2022;14(2):32-38]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 6. doi:10.7537/marsaaj140222.06.

关键词：社会; 需求; 欲望;独特性; 要求;研究

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纳米气泡镭核同位素能级少放射说氢弹

----读《镭核大小可影响同位素能级改变》

晋学军

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：众所周知，凡普通化学解释和核化学解释生产核武器原理，延伸扩展核爆都有放射性辐射泄露。但量子色动化学解释生产的核武器，显著特点是核辐射的放射性小。所以说今天人们对门捷列夫元素周期表成功的认识还不完善：门捷列夫之所以成功，只是把原始元素周期表的外部极简单，留给了自己，而把元素周期表的内部极复杂留给了未来。如运用张天蓉教授的“弦方”对接模型、记者晋楠报道的镭核同位素大小可变和孙学军教授介绍的纳米气泡可变等试验，联系真正实现要的原子核的核反应是大能量和少放射性或无放射性的不对称研究，成功事例会更多。

[晋学军. 纳米气泡镭核同位素能级少放射说氢弹----读《镭核大小可影响同位素能级改变》. Academ Arena 2022;14(2):39-59]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 7. doi:10.7537/marsaaj140222.07.

关键词：核辐射、弦方、色动化学、纳米气泡、不对称、代工

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