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Hydraulic Head Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Networks (Case Study: Debal Khazaie Sugarcane Plantation)

Atefeh Sayadi Shahraki, Amir Soltani Mohammadi, Abd Ali Naseri, Ali Mokhtaran

Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.

sayadi.atefeh@gmail.com, a.soltani@scu.ac.ir

Abstract: Forecasting the ground water level fluctuations is an important requirement for planning conjunctive use in any basin. Artificial neural network have been used as a robust instrument for this subject. In this study, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is used to predict hydraulic head. For this purpose, field R9-11 of the Debal Khazaei sugarcane plantation is selected and a number of piezometers were installed in different depth and distance from collector Hydraulic head changes in Piezometers, the volume of irrigation water and drainage flow were measured from November 2013 to October 2014 on a daily basis. The volume of irrigation water and drainage flow measured in this period were this period measurements were introduced as inputs to the neural network. The results showed that the artificial neural networks method has a high accuracy in predicting hydraulic head. So that the average RMSE in different depths between measured and predicted with ANN model obtained as 0.109, and the average of determination coefficient R2 in different depths for ANN model obtained as 0.964 respectively.

[Sayadi Shahraki A, Soltani Mohammadi A, Naseri A.A, Mokhtaran A. Hydraulic Head Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Networks (Case Study: Debal Khazaie Sugarcane Plantation). Nat Sci 2016;14(8):1-5]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.01.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, Forecast, Hydraulic head

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Aerodynamic characteristics modification of an airfoil with blunt trailing edge using offset and aerodynamic cavity

Hamid Sayadi

Faculty of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

hamid.sayadi2009@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper is a computational study of the behaviour of aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil with blunt trailing edge and studies the effects aerodynamic performance caused by modifications made to the trailing edge. These airfoils do have the disadvantage of generating high levels of drag as a result of the low-pressure steady or periodic flow in the near-wake of the blunt trailing edge. Also vortex shedding in this airfoils, induces fluctuating loads and radiated noise. In the present investigation, we tested the effects of an offset cavity and aerodynamic cavity on the base drag and wake of an airfoil with blunt trailing edge. In two-dimensional subsonic flows, any method that increases the base pressure of the airfoil with blunt trailing edge consequently reduces the base drag. When the cavity is introduced to the trailing edge, the base pressure increases. Also the cavity caused trapping and stabilizing the vortex.

[Sayadi H. Aerodynamic characteristics modification of an airfoil with blunt trailing edge using offset and aerodynamic cavity. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):6-11]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.02.

Keywords: forest Airfoil, Blunt trailing edge, Offset cavity, Aerodynamic cavity, Vortex shedding

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Online earning, a promising source impacting poverty and women empowerment: A case study from high mountainous nexus of Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindukush, Pakistan

Tika Khan¹*, Rukhsana²

¹Integrated Mountain Area Research Centre, Karakoram International University, Pakistan.

²Public School and Colleges, Jutial, Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author: Tika Khan, tika.khan@kiu.edu.pk, Tel: +92 5811 960018 Ext. 158

Abstract: Background and aim of the study: Gender discriminatory patriarchic mindsets are a prime factor behind women empowerment and poverty leaving women folk susceptible towards socio-economic shocks. Communities in the northern Pakistan have remain in marginalization for centuries and women have been its victim. Study was aimed at evaluation of women focused an ‘online earning’ initiative by KADO. Methods: Study followed a Rapid Appraisal tool and techniques including interviews from the trainees, management, master trainers, focus group discussion, secondary data collection and direct observations. Organization conducted 3 months long online earning training at four districts. A total of 128 unemployed educated women were trained. Results: More than 100 youth have started their first online earning ranging from $3 to $1000 per month each with an ever increasing trend. Women started their earning feel confident and hopeful for future towards contributing into socio-economic development of their families and to impact their respective societies. Conclusion: With little wise investments in online earning trainings for women governments and nongovernmental organizations can impact women empowerment and poverty while bridging the digitally divided world. ICT offers a promising factor for poor communities across rural settings of Asia and beyond. Elance and tech entrepreneurships are on a steady rise around the globe and hold great prospective for future. Developing countries having weaker GDP growth and poor governance suffer from bulging populations and high ratios of unemployment can benefit from such experiences and models.

[Tika Khan, Rukhsana. Online earning, a promising source impacting poverty and women empowerment: A case study from high mountainous nexus of Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindukush, Pakistan. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):12-16]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.03.

Keywords: Poverty, Entrepreneurship, ICT, Elance, Online Earning, Socio-economic, Youth, Unemployment

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Study of Wind and Wave Patterns by Empirical Orthogonal Functions in South Caspian Sea using Quickscat (Ascat) Satellite and Synoptic Stations Data

Seyed Salar Ojaghzadeh Arnesa¹, Masoud Torabi Azad², Kamran Lary², Seyed Abdolreza Adnani^3*

^1. Graduate student, Department of Hydrography, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

^2. Associate Professor, Department of Physical Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

^3. Department of Ministry of Education, Tehran Province, Tehran, Iran

mrpco.info@gmail.com

Abstract: Having knowledge of wind wave and followed by possible changes in next time especially significant wave height is required in all land and offshore engineering projects and port design engineering and design of coastal structures which is resistant to these changes and to estimate sediment transport and amount of erosion. Estimating the wave height that is too close to the accurate amount could prevent non-economic plan or destruction of structures. In this study, the methods of EOF which is one of the new methods in the analysis of spatial data and time were used to analyze wind data preferentially followed by the wave for the south Caspian Sea. These data were analyzed using MATLAB programming and spatial mode and principal component values are calculated. These interpolated data with high accuracy have been calculated which corresponds to a three-year period with an interval of one day. Therefore, among 14411 spread terrestrial data and three hours satellite data, about 9111 time steps with the same scale have been studied. The most dominant data rate mode on a 78.45% is for EOF1. For wave height, five basic dominant mode were formed and its most dominant amount for EOF1 was obtained 92.43%. To predict wave height data, with time output for mentioned data, for 5, 15, 30 and 45 days forecasts have been achieved. The number of selected points in the South Caspian Sea was 22 cases which considered four spots for around the Babolsar, Ramsar, Anzali and Astara cities and six points was considered as points of control. Of the four regions, wave field data prediction at Ramsar region among all four stations of the region were most accurate and more favorable results than other regions. This is due to better data aggregation from ground stations and regular data registration and also better satellite coverage and recording of data in this area as well as better interpolation of these regular data.

[Seyed Salar Ojaghzadeh Arnesa, Masoud Torabi Azad, Kamran Lary, Seyed Abdolreza Adnani. Study of Wind and Wave Patterns by Empirical Orthogonal Functions in South Caspian Sea using Quickscat (Ascat) Satellite and Synoptic Stations Data. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):17-23]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.04.

Keywords: Wave Pattern, Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF), Caspian Sea, Synoptic Stations

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Auxin and Cytokine Treatment Effect in Combination with Sucrose on in vitro Potato Regeneration

Iveta Megrelishvili, Ekaterine Bulauri, Tamar Chipashvili, Maia Kukhaleishvili

Georgian Technical University, Biotechnology Center, Tbilisi, Georgia

ivetamegerelishvili@gmail.com

Abstract: In this study we focused on in vitro potato regeneration under different hormonal (auxin/cytokine) treatment with combination of sucrose in three potato varieties, “Nevsky, Riviera, Zefira”. Three parameters were observed in response to treatment, number of shoots development, size of shoots, and root length. In vitro tissue culture propagation of three potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) “Nevsky”, Zefira” and “Riviera” were studied on modified MS medium supplemented with hormones (IBA/BAP) concentration: MS + 30g/l sucrose (6% MS medium), 6%MS medium +1mg/l BAP + 0,05mg/l IBA and 6% MS medium +1mg/l BAP + 0,1mg/l IBA. Morphological characterization of all three in vitro potato cultivars on modified MS medium was variable depending on varieties. It was revealed that high concentration of IBA has negative effect on plants development, respectively 6% MS medium + 1mg/l BA + 0,1mg/l IBA was not optimal neither cultivars of potato. According to the results cultivars Zefira” and “Riviera” had maximum potential for in vitro rooting (correspondingly: 82.97% and 100%) and shoots (100% and 87.34%) formation on 6% MS medium + 1mg/l BA + 0,05mg/l IBA, but “Nevsky” gave maximum development (rooting-82% and shoot formation -87%) on 6% MS medium.

[Megrelishvili I, Bulauri E, Chipashvili T, Kukhaleishvili M. Auxin and Cytokine Treatment Effect in Combination with Sucrose on in vitro Potato Regeneration. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):24-27]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.05.

Keywords: in vitro, de novo shoot formation, root formation, auxin, cytokine, Indole-3 butyric acid (IBA), and 6- Benzylaminopurine (BAP)

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Aqueous Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx Showed Antioxidative Effects And Ameliorate Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)- Induced Hepatotoxicity And Nephrotoxicity in Rats.

Adedosu, Olaniyi Temitope¹, Imodoye, Sikiru Opeyemi², Adeleke, Gbadebo Emmanuel¹, Ajiboye, Aderonke Esther² and Akintola, Adebola Olayemi³

¹Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

²Department of Medical laboratory sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oshogbo, Nigeria.

³Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Phone: +234-8034314142.

Email: laniyidosu@yahoo.com, otadedosu@lautech.edu.ng

Abstract: Drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity accounts for frequent hospital acquired acute liver and kidney injuries. This study investigated the possible anti oxidative and ameliorative potentials of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx in Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)-induced toxicity in rats. Forty (40) Wistar rats weighing between 150-200g were randomly selected into 8 groups, first group served as negative control, second, third and fourth groups received 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg body weight extract respectively, fifth group received 2000mg/body weight of Acetaminophen only while the sixth, seventh and eighth groups received 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg body weight of extract respectively following induction of toxicity with 2000mg/kg body weight of Acetaminophen. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in liver and kidney homogenates while total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TB), conjugated bilirubin (C.BIL),urea and creatinine concentrations as well as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were measured in plasma spectrophotometrically using standardized methods after administration of extract for 12 days. Results showed, that rats orally pretreated with extracts at 200,400 and 600mg/kg body weight elicits significant (p<0.05) decreases in TB, C.BIL, urea, creatinine, MDA concentrations, AST,ALT and ALP activities as well as significant increases in SOD activity, GSH, albumin and total protein concentrations in a concentration-dependent manner. Intoxicated rats however showed significant decreases (p<0.05) in GSH, TP, albumin concentrations and SOD activities with elevated levels of MDA, TB, C.BIL, urea, creatinine and AST, ALT and ALP activities. Interestingly, animals treated with the extract after intoxication with Acetaminophen showed significant increases (p<0.05) in concentrations of TP, ALB, GSH and SOD activities with corresponding decrease in TB, C.BIL, urea, creatinine and MDA concentrations as well as AST, ALT and ALP activities compared with Acetaminophen treated controls in a dose dependent manner. Conclusively, properties exhibited by extract are suggestive of its antioxidative potentials which accounts for its ameliorative effects on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

[Adedosu, Olaniyi Temitope, Imodoye, Sikiru Opeyemi, Adeleke, Gbadebo Emmanuel, Ajiboye, Aderonke Esther and Akintola, Adebola Olayemi. Aqueous Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx Showed Antioxidative Effects And Ameliorate Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)- Induced Hepatotoxicity And Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):28-37]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.06.

Keywords: Acetaminophen, Ameliorative, Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx, Antioxidant activity, Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity

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The Debilitating State of the Maiduguri Main Abattoir, Poor Sanitary and Waste Disposal Methods; the Way Forward

Ayi Vandi Kwaghe¹, Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan², James Agbo Ameh ³, Abdul-Ganiyu Ambali⁴, Mwapu Dika Ndahi¹, Simeon Idowu Cadmus² and Ayuba Caleb Kudi⁵

^1.  Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria¹.

^2.  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

^3.  Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

^4.  Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

^5.  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Email: hyelni_vandi@yahoo.com; Telephone: +2348039651657

Abstract: An abattoir provides facilities where animals are slaughtered. The current state of most abattoirs in developing countries particularly Nigeria are a matter of concern considering the enormous lapses in their operations, the sanitary conditions and management. The northern part of Nigeria is the worst hit since the majority of food animals are domiciled in the region. This study was aimed at determining the state of facilities, sanitary conditions and practices of abattoir workers and the veterinary doctors in a major abattoir in North-eastern Nigeria. This observational study was carried out over a period of three months in the main abattoir in Maiduguri, north-eastern Nigeria.  During the period, we documented the states of the facilities in the abattoir, the sanitary conditions as well as the practices of abattoir workers and the veterinary doctors present. Our findings revealed that the lairage was in a poor state and the drainages were clogged with debris and maggots. There were no meat stands and cold room and the entire surrounding environment was full of stench emanating from poorly disposed abattoir wastes. Besides, both ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections were hardly carried out and animals were being slaughtered in the open with carcasses processed on bare floor. Dragging of viscera’s on the floor and washing of the stomachs in the drainages in addition to slaughtering of calves and pregnant animals were common practices observed at the abattoir. We documented the poor states of facilities, sanitary conditions and practices in the main abattoir in north-eastern Nigeria. Our findings suggest a compromise in the quality of meat being produced from the abattoir with overall devastating effects on the health of meat consumers. While quality meat production is key to achieving a healthy society, there is a need for a synergy among all the stakeholders particularly the government and private organizations towards improving the state of abattoirs in Nigeria with respect to the facilities, sanitary conditions and practices.

[Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan, James Agbo Ameh, Abdul-Ganiyu Ambali, Mwapu Dika Ndahi, Simeon Idowu Cadmus  and Ayuba Caleb Kudi. The Debilitating State of the Maiduguri Main Abattoir, Poor Sanitary and Waste Disposal Methods; the Way Forward. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):38-48]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.07.

Key words: Maiduguri abattoir, hygiene, waste disposal, ante-mortem inspection, post-mortem inspection.

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Screening And Detections Of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli Isolates Among Outpatients In Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Amadi-Wali Owhorchukwu¹, Alo Moses Nnaemeka² and Ugah Uchenna Iyioku^3*

¹Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt

²Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo

³Department of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo

ugahuchennaiyioku@gmail.com

Abstract: Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) are a group of enzymes produced by Gram negative bacteria that have the ability to hydrolyse extended spectrum beta lactams such as cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone)and monobactams (Aztreonam) in addition to penicillin. In addition, ESBL producing organisms exhibit co-resistance to many other classes of antibiotics resulting in limitation of therapeutic option. For this reason, the significance of such ESBL–mediated infections has been increasingly reported worldwide. The presence of ESBL in some E. coli strains poses an important challenge in clinical practice, since this organism is common cause of serious infections. The aim of the study was to screen and detect ESBL producing Escherichia coli from clinical isolates among outpatients in Port Harcourt Rivers State, South South Nigeria. E. coli isolates were obtained from urine, aspirates and swabs of outpatients who visited University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Military Hospital Port Harcourt and Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMSH) Port Harcourt. The isolates were purified and preserved and were used for characterization and susceptibility testing. ESBL preliminary screening was performed on all the isolates, those that tested positive were subjected to ESBL confirmatory test. A total of 250 isolates were tested, comprising of 78 isolates from males and 172 isolates from female subjects. Among the isolates tested, 16.40 % (41 of 250) tested positive for ESBL preliminary detection test while 9.60% (24 of 250) were confirmed to be ESBL – producing E. coli strains. A total of 15 of the isolate (6.00%) showed multidrug resistance. There was no significant difference in the presence of the ESBL – producing E. coli between males and females. The study calls for more concerted efforts in the elimination of drug resistant bacterial isolates as it highlights the negative effect of these organisms which have high morbidity and mortality with great potential to frustrate treatment.

[Amadi-Wali Owhorchukwu, Alo Moses Nnaemeka and Ugah Uchenna Iyioku. Screening And Detections Of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli Isolates Among Outpatients In Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):49-53]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.08.

Keywords: ESBL, E. coli, prevalence

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Genetic Diversity Studies in Toxicant Stressed Populations of Tilapia zillii in three Nigerian Reservoirs.

Michael O. AWODIRAN, Tofunmi E. OLADIMEJI, Olaniyi O. KOMOLAFE

Obafemi Awolowo University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

michfemi@yahoo.com

Abstract: Genetic diversity is essential in natural populations of fishes as it confers fitness on the fishes thus enhancing their conservation. Unfortunately, genetic diversity has been greatly threatened in fish populations due to high concentration of toxicants in their aquatic environment amongst other factors. In this study, three natural populations of Tilapia zillii (Opa, Osu and Igun reservoirs) with varying degrees of heavy metal contamination were evaluated in order to determine the effect of the toxicants (heavy metals) on their genetic diversity. Samples of T. zillii from each of the reservoirs were collected; fish organs (gill) were taken from each of the samples for determination of heavy metal concentration. Caudal fin tissue of the samples was also taken for Random Amplified Polymerase DNA (RAPD) analysis in order to determine the amount of genetic diversity in each of the populations. Result showed that the difference between the amounts of heavy metal contamination between the three populations was statistically significant (P< 0.05). Population of T. zillii with the highest degree of heavy metal contamination (Igun reservoir) had the lowest amount of genetic diversity (35% polymorphism and H=0.36) compared to the other two populations (Opa and Osu) with 58.9% polymorphism, H =0.57 and 72.5% polymorphism, H =0.67 respectively. The trend follows that the higher the degree of heavy metal contamination, the lesser the amount of genetic diversity in such population. Our results thus suggest that that the availability of toxicants in high concentration, in aquatic environments has a potential to substantially reduce the within-population genetic diversity of fishes there.

[Awodiran MO, Oladimeji TE, Komolafe OO. Genetic Diversity Studies in Toxicant Stressed Populations of Tilapia zillii in three Nigerian Reservoirs. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):54-60]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.09.

Keywords: Genetic diversity, Heavy metal, Heterozygosity, Polymorphism

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Pulmonary renal syndrome: An update for the intensivist

El-Metwally L. El-Shahawy; Mohammed E. Salem; Sameh B. Hanallah; Ashraf T. Mahmoud and Hyam H.M. Marey

Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine-Benha University.

Dr_hyoma81@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: To provide the intensivist with an overview of pulmonary renal syndrome focusing on its pathogenesis and treatment innovations. Data Sources: Medline databases (PubMed, Medscape, ScienceDirect. EMF-Portal) and all materials available in the Internet from 2006 to 2016. Study Selection: The initial search presented 170 articles of which 44 met the inclusion criteria. Data Extraction: If the studies did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, they were excluded. Study quality assessment included whether ethical approval was gained, eligibility criteria specified, appropriate controls, adequate information and defined assessment measures. Data Synthesis: Comparisons were made by structured review with the results tabulated. Findings: Pulmonary-renal syndrome is defined as the combination of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. The pulmonary lesion in the majority of cases of pulmonary-renal syndrome is small-vessel vasculitis, characterized by a destructive inflammatory process that involved arterioles, venules and alveolar capillaries. The renal pathology in the majority of cases of pulmonary-renal syndrome is a form of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis. The term Goodpasture's syndrome is used for the clinical entity of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. Syndrome is extremekly rare. Human anti-GBM antibodies belong mostly to the IgG class and react with a limited number of epitopes on the non-collageneous domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen (NC1 α3 IV), a molecule expressed in the basement membranes of renal glomerulus, renal tubule, alveoli, choroids plexus, retinal capillaries and Bruchs's membrane. Circulating ANCA autoantibodies are detected in the majority of patients presenting with pulmonary-renal syndrome. ANCA-negative systemic vasculitis is very rare. Porpylthiouracil and hydralazine and ANCA are detected in 20% of patients receiving propylthiouracil, but only a minority of these patients develop clinical manifestations of systemic vasculitis including pulmonary-renal syndrome. The most frequent diagnoses in patients with pulmonary-renal syndrome admitted to the ICU are perinuclear ANCA vasculitis, followed by cytoplasmic ANCA vasculitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and catastrophic APS. The possibility of a pulmonary-renal syndrome should be considered in those patients with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Haemoptysis is the most common clinical manifestation of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage. Chest roentgenograms and computerized tomography scanning are used to depict diffuse alveolar haemorrhage. Conclusion: Appropriate management of such patients includes early and accurate diagnosis, exclusion of infection, close monitoring and specialized. Maintenance therapy includes low-dodse corticosteroids with cytotoxic agents. Renal transplantation remains the only alternative for patients with pulmonary renal syndrome who developed end-stage renal disease.

[El-Metwally L. El-Shahawy; Mohammed E. Salem; Sameh B. Hanallah; Ashraf T. Mahmoud and Hyam H.M. Marey. Pulmonary renal syndrome: An update for the intensivist. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):61-66]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.10.

Key words: pulmonary renal syndrome.

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Molecular screening of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria from Irvingia gabonensis seeds

Olorunjuwon O. Bello^a,b, Samuel A. Bankole^a, Olubukola O. Babalola^b

^aDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria.

^bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Microbial Biotechnology Laboratoty, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa

juwonbello@yahoo.com

Abstract: Food safety has become an increasingly important international concern, the application of antimicrobial peptides from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that target food pathogens without toxic or other adverse effects should receive greater attention. This work investigated bacteriocin production in LAB from Irvingia gabonensis with the characterization of putative bacteriocins.One hundred samples of the food were purchased, ground, serially diluted and cultured on Man-Rogosa-Sharpe agar for the isolation LAB, respectively, using the spread plate technique. Bacteriocin-producing LAB were identified using standard procedures; bacteriocin’s activities, and synergetic effect of bacteriocin and rifampicin were measured by spectrophotometric analysis. Student t-test and analyses of variance were employed for analyses of data. Leuconostoc lactis DZ2 was the bacteriocigenic LAB isolate; these inhibited the growth of standard organisms. Other LAB isolates were Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus pentosus and Leuconostoc lactis. The synergistic effects of characterized bacteriocin and rifampicin tested on organisms showed significant differences (P < 0.05). This study revealed that I. gabonensis contained bacteriocin-producing LAB that could be used as bio-preservatives. It suggested that bacteriocins serve as alternatives to classical antibiotics in treating bacterial infections, and their roles in food safety cannot be over-emphasized.

[Olorunjuwon O. Bello, Samuel A. Bankole, Olubukola O. Babalola. Molecular screening of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria from Irvingia gabonensis seeds. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):67-78]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.11.

Keywords: Bacteriocin; Irvingia gabonensis; lactic acid bacteria; bio-preservatives; food safety

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The role of new technology in preventing forgery

Sadegh fatili, Fazel Sendi, Hossein Hayavi, Hadi Reza poor

Department of Law, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

Abstract: Entering the era of information technology and communication as a "revolution" is mentioned, all areas of knowledge is affected; So that a new space called "cyberspace" has been formed and thinkers and to all users of space are trying to resolve issues related to electronic interactions in the same space. One of the issues "sign electronic documents" is. In addition to the benefits of a computer that arose in the period, this phenomenon leads to abuse like any other Pdydh­Y Astfadh­Y some also provided. In such circumstances, a plurality profiteers seeking to take advantage of this technology to their evil objectives sought with regard to the benefits and privileges Jlvh­Hay new computer crime are put into the land region. Prevention of forgery, one of the main concerns of the public and non-public in general and the judicial system, specifically the security and law enforcement. In an overview of how the crime of forgery by the developments emerged in the field of science and technology in all aspects and levels, was evolving and the entrance of new developments has created police system, For the crime of forging a ladder to gain access to other crimes exist and therefore was of paramount importance And strongly requires the application of scientific capacity available in the world as the primary means of preventing and tackling governance in general and specifically the police. To succeed in this important mission should also specify and explain the application of security measures in the construction documents and difficult to identify and provide the user Jalyn. In this thesis, then the challenges that new technologies for traditional ceremonies record created, will be emphasized The rules and principles of registration, rather than changing or distorting the truth, you have to think about accommodating both traditional and modern systems of records, documents and signatures.

[Sadegh fatili, Fazel Sendi, Hossein Hayavi, Hadi Reza poor. The role of new technology in preventing forgery. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):79-87]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.12.

Keywords: forgery, technology, penalties, document, electronic record

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Epilithic diatoms of urban River Dilimi, Jos, Nigeria

Cyril C. Ajuzie

Aquaculture, Freshwater & Marine Ecology Research Lab, Fisheries Unit, Department of Animal Production, University of Jos, Nigeria

efulecy@yahoo.com

Abstract: For a long time now, diatoms have been used to determine the ecological integrity of freshwater bodies. Despite the ecological significance of diatoms in freshwater bodies, the taxonomic composition and autecology of diatoms in many freshwater bodies of Nigeria are yet to be investigated. The present work was carried out to ascertain the taxonomic composition of epilithic diatoms of River Dilimi in Jos, Nigeria. The physical and chemical properties of the river at two urban stations (were diatoms were sampled) were also determined. Mean NO₃ (mg l^-l) was 0.9 (+ 0.14) at the upstream station and 1.06 (+ 0.08) at the downstream station. Mean PO₄ (mg l^-l) was 0.03 (+ 0.14) at the upstream station and 1.3 (+ 0.7) at the downstream station. A total of 28 diatom genera and 83 species were documented from the study sites. Out of the 83 species, 59 occurred at the upstream site and 45 at the downstream site. The percent community similarity between the two sites was 24.71 %. At the upstream site the most common species were Meridion circulare (3.5 %), Navicula mutica (3.6 %), Nitzschia amphibia (3.0 %) and Synedra ulna (3.4 %). At the downstream site the most common species were Cyclothella meneghiniana (4.4 %), Nitzschia amphibia (8.8 %), Nitzschia palea (5.0 %), Synedra ulna (12.8 %), Tabellaria fenestrate (3.8 %) and Tabellaria flocculosa (3.1 %). Since both NO₃ and PO₄ concentrations in the river indicate that the river is polluted, the diatoms recorded in this study may be grouped as pollution tolerant diatoms, bearing in mind, too, that the river water is discoloured throughout the year.

[Cyril C. Ajuzie. Epilithic diatoms of urban River Dilimi, Jos, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):88-97]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.13.

Keywords: epilithic diatoms; River Dilimi; Jos; Nigeria

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The cosmology of the Interspace

Vassilios Moutsoglou

Mechanical Engineer M. Sc.

 vasmou@yahoo.com

Abstract: Space is not just a room, but also “something” with certain characteristics that can be ascertained by observation. Matter interacts with space, the latter exerting pressure on the former in real measurable terms. This may give an explanation to issues like gravity and the “expansion of Universe”.

[Vassilios Moutsoglou, Mechanical Engineer M. Sc. The cosmology of the Interspace. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):98-99]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.14.

Keywords: Cosmology, gravity, expansion of Universe, Interspace

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Prevalence of thyroid nodule among kafrelsheikh population

Youssefkh. Ahmed¹, Hassan Elbatea¹, Esam M. Ghamry¹, Hosameldeen S. Shabana¹, Hendawy Zidan¹ M. Khedr² and Rabea Elshaer³

¹Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Shabana109@hotmail.com

Abstract: Thyroid nodule is a common clinical problem with high prevalence. Although the vast majority of thyroid nodules are benign a small percent of these nodules may undergo malignant transformation so early detection and evaluation of these nodules is so important. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of different types of thyroid nodules in Egypt. Patients and methods: This study was done in Kafr-Elsheikh governorate, 400 healthy subjects were examined clinically especially head and neck examination, then they exposed to neck ultrasound and thyroid function (T3, T4 and TSH), subjects with thyroid nodule will be subjected to: Laboratory investigation including:, fasting blood glucose, liver enzymes, renal function tests. CBC. Cholesterol and triglycerides, thyroid antibodies (Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Fine needle aspiration cytology and Isotopic thyroid scan. Results: This study estimated that about 4% of the populations have a palpable thyroid nodule, and about 15% have a nodule detectable by ultrasonography. With the frequent use of computed tomographic scans and carotid ultrasound studies, many thyroid nodules are found in asymptomatic patients. Females were affected than males the male to female ratio was 1:3.Cellular abnormality (atypia) was about 1.5%.Nodular patient according to thyroid function were subdivided into Euthyroid and their percent was about 80%.Subclinical hyperthyroidism and their percent was about 11%. Subclinical hypothyroidism and their percent was about 9%. Radioisotope scanning revealed that about 8% are cold nodule. Hot nodules account for 11% of all nodules and 71% were warm nodules. In conclusions: Nodules are characterized as entirely solid, mixed cystic-solid, spongiform, or purely cystic. Biopsy is recommended for all solid hypoechoic nodules that exceed 1 cm in diameter. Isoechoic or hyperechoic nodules exceeding 1 to 1.5 cm should undergo biopsy. Biopsy is recommended for mixed cystic-solid nodules that exceed 1.5 to 2 cm, if they have irregular margins, micro calcifications, or infiltration of the surrounding tissue. The recommendation for mixed cystic-solid nodules without suspicious ultrasonographic features is for biopsy if they are larger than 2 cm. Those nodules exhibiting a spongiform echotexture should undergo biopsy only if they are larger than 2 cm in diameter. Finally, purely cystic nodules do not require biopsy.

[Youssefkh. Ahmed, Hassan Elbatea, Esam M. Ghamry, Hosameldeen S. Shabana, Hendawy Zidan M. Khedr and Rabea Elshaer. Prevalence of thyroid nodule among kafrelsheikh population. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):100-106]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 15. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.15.

Key words: thyroid nodule, Kafr-elsheikh, thyroid, FNA biopsy

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Assessment on Challenges of Dairy Production and Marketing in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia

Mengestie Abebaw ¹, Tadesse Guadu ², Ayalew Negash ¹, Mebrie Zemene ³, Belaynew Alene ¹, Genene Girma ¹, Metadel Tilahun ¹, Kassa Demelash ¹

¹ Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health science, University of Gondar, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia,² Lecturer at University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Associate Professor of Medical Public health, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box 196, ³ Lecturer at University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box 196.

manabebaw@gmail.com

Abstract: Various constraints for dairy production lead low productivity and production. A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016, in Gondar town of Amhara Regional State with the objective of assessing challenges of dairy farm production, marketing and demand for dairy products in different herd size based on questionnaire surveys. A total of 151 dairy farms were selected from 300 dairy farms by systematic random sampling method both in small, medium and large scales. Data were collected from the selected farms using semi structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple responses and descriptive statistics. From the respondents, 84.1% faced with feed problems and there were no statically significant variations (p> 0.05) between the herd size and animal feed problems. Similarly 60.8% of respondents who sold milk and milk products faced market problems and were statically significant variation (p<0.05) between the herd size and market problems. On the other hand, inadequate extension and training services (55.0%), lack of education and consultation (62.9%) and inadequate research and information exchange system (51.0%) were dairy extension constraints and statically significant difference between herd sizes of the farm (p<0.05), and 74.8% of the respondents faced with dairy health problems, mastitis (26%) was cited as the most important disease. The high prevalence of reproductive problems were found (58.9%), in which repeat breeder (29.6%) was the most problem and there was statically significance variations among herd size (p<0.05). Most milk products were used for selling (51.6%) and there were statically significance variations (p<0.05) between herd size and selling and processing. Whole milk (61.5%) was the most selling milk products and statically significance (p<0.05) except whole milk. The study showed that there were various constraints of dairy production and high demand for dairy products in the study area. Therefore, Government should give attention on feed processing technology and adequate space for future expansion of dairy production and marketing linkage between the producer and consumer of milk products should be created and developed.

[Mengestie A, Tadesse G, Ayalew N, Mebrie Z, Belaynew A, Genene G, Metadel T, Kassa D. Assessment on Challenges of Dairy Production and Marketing in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):107-114]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 16. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.16

Keywords: Challenges; Dairy farm; Demands; Gondar; Market; Milk products

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A Study on the Major Causes of Liver Condemnation and Associated Financial Loss in Cattle Slaughtered at Debre Birehan Municcipality Abattoir

Genene Girma ¹, Mohammed Yesuf ², Mengestie Abebaw ¹, Ayalew Negash ¹, Kassa Demelash ¹, Mebrie Zemene ³, Belaynew Alene ¹, Metadel Tilahun ¹, Worku Adugna ¹

¹ Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health science, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia, ² Lecturer at University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical studies, Faculty of Vet Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia, ³ Lecturer at University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box 196.

manabebaw@gmail.com

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Debre Birehan municipality abattoir to identify the major cause of liver condemnation and to estimate the magnitude of direct financial loss due to liver condemnation. A total of 384 animals were examined by antemortem and postmortem examination. During antemortem examination abnormalities like; lameness 3(18.75%), skin scar 2(12.5%), raugh hair coat 6(37.5%), local swelling 2(12.5%), emaciation 1(6.25%) and fractured horn 2(12.5%) were observed. Out of 384 cattle slaughtered, 176(45.8%) livers were totally condemned. The major causes of liver condemnation were due to fasciolosis (54.5%), calcification (15.3%), cirrhosis (13.6%), abscess (10.8%), hydatidosis (4.6%) and unknown cause (1.2%). There was statistically significant difference between different body condition categories (X² = 38.833; p< 0.05) of cattle. The current study revealed that fasciolosis was the major cause of liver condemnation followed by calcification, cirrhosis, abscess, hydatidosis and unknown causes. The annual financial loss was estimated to be 47,334 Ethiopian birr due to condemnation of liver. Therefore, in order to reduce this loss government and private agencies should have to work together on liver diseases that are commonly observed on abattoir survey.

[Genene G, Mohammed Y, Mengestie A, Ayalew N, Kassa D, Mebrie Z, Belaynew A, Metadel T, Worku A. A Studyon the Major Causes of Liver Condemnation and Associated Financial Loss in Cattle Slaughtered at Debre Birehan Municcipality Abattoir. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):115-122]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 17. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.17.

Keywords: Abattoir, Cattle, Condemnation, Debre Birehan, Financial Loss, Liver, Postmortem

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Activation of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag by Cement Kiln Dust in Presence of Rice Husk Ash

A. H. Ali¹, Gehad G. Mohamed² and Amira A. Elsaman¹

¹Housing and Building National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

²Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

amiraelsaman@yahoo.com

Abstract: Blast-furnace slag (BFS) is a finely ground, nonmetallic, rapidly chilled silicate melt material that separated from molten iron in the blast furnace; it consists essentially of glass with crystalline silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and other cations. The chemical composition of a slag varies considerably depending on the composition of the raw materials in the iron production process. Slag forms shard-like particles that are usually larger than cement grains. This work aims at studying the activation of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) by cement kiln dust (CKD) in the presence of rice husk ash (RHA). GGBFS was replaced by 30 and 50 wt., % CKD. In order to studying the effect of RHA on the consumption of free lime, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt., % RHA were added to the blend containing 50 wt., % CKD. The results showed that, the CKD has a good impact on compressive strength development. The free lime content increases with the increase of CKD %. The results also showed that the RHA has a positive impact on the reduction of free lime content. These facts are confirmed by X- Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques.

[A. H. Ali, Gehad G. Mohamed and Amira A. Elsaman. Activation of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag by Cement Kiln Dust in Presence of Rice Husk Ash. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):123-128]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 18. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.18.

Keywords: GGBFS; CKD; RHA; XRD; Compressive strength

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Effect of Immobilized PGPRs Bacteria in Different Forms Against Root-Knot Nematodes on Tomato Plants

Hanaa A. Abo- Kora¹, Mahdy, M.E² and Galaall, Neveen M.³

¹Agric. Micro. Res. Dep. Soils, Water and Environ. Research Institute (SWERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt

²Agric. Botany Dept., Fac. of Agric.; Menoufia University; Shebin El-Kom; Egypt

³Nematode Research Dept., Plant Pathology Inst., Agric., Res. Centre, Giza, Egypt

Email: lana_allah333@yahoo.com

Abstract: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) suppresses root–knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica through directly or indirectly effect. In our research four different PGPRs namely Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroorcoccum, Bacillus polymyxa and Azospirillum brasilense were used at three different formulated types as follows: encapsulated with sodium alginate beads, formulated with mixture of carboxymethyl-cellulose with talcum powder and suspension of culture, to investigate the potential effect against root–knot nematode M. javanica under greenhouse conditions. The viability of the bacterial strains studied by using two polymers; sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in vitro. Viability was measured at four temperatures i.e. - 5, 10, 20 and 30^oC after 10, 20, 30 and 40 days from stored (zero time). In vivo treatments classified into two groups; one group inoculated only one from all tested bacteria, whereas the second group inoculated twice after 15 days from the first one with the same treatments. Results showed that significantly effects on nematode and vegetative growth parameters compared to plants treated with nematode alone. All treatment reduced the nematode parameters i.e. number of galls and egg masses/root system between 25-99 % compared to control. The highest reduction percentage in galls number recorded with P. fluorescens at all application forms as ranged between 83-93%, the highest one 91 and 93% recorded with alginate beads types either at one or two inoculation times, respectively. The same trend of results recorded with egg masses as the reduction percentage ranged between 94 and 99%. The highest one also recorded with P. fluorescens alginate beads as ranged between 96 and 99 % at one and two inoculation time, respectively. The lowest effect on nematode parameters observed with A. brasilense at all inoculation forms and times. Moreover, results found that inoculation with encapsulated of all bacterial strains gave a significant increase in rhizosphere enzymatic microbial activities compared to other treatments and control. Also, inoculation with all bacterial strains at all forms and times significantly increased the chemical components i.e. total chlorophyll (a+b), caroteinoids contents as well as total protein content in all treatments compared to control.

[Hanaa A. Abo- Kora, Mahdy, M.E and Galaall, Neveen M. Effect of Immobilized PGPRs Bacteria in Different Forms Against Root-Knot Nematodes on Tomato Plants. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):129-141]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 19. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.19.

Keywords: PGPRs - Biological control- Meloidogyne javanica- formulation microorganisms- tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).

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Cultivation technique of Dunaliellas alina using partially treated sewage water and discharged desalination water

Mashael O. Alshareef and Fotoon A. Sayegh

Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

mashaelkau@gmail.com

Abstract: This study was to examine the feasibility of using alternative low cost technique for Dunaliella salina cultivation to be implemented in Saudi Arabia. This work used Dual-phase system to cultivate D. salina. The first stage was aimed to maximize D. salina biomass and minimize nutrients cost through using different dilution of Johnson's medium (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The second stage was used two types of water: (partially treated sewage water PTSW) and (discharged desalination water DDW) as a shock to enhances specific biochemical composition product. Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and beta-carotene of the biomass were measured before and after shock to study the effects of shock on biochemical content. The results showed that the protein and carbohydrate content were higher in the first stage (9.53-13.6 pg/cell;10.3-14.37 pg/cell) respectively, whereas the highest lipid and β-carotene were recorded in DDW shocked cultures (5.66-15.13 pg/cell;16.17-38.93 pg/cell) respectively, compared to lower values in PTSW shocked cultures. This study indicates that the application of discharged desalination water in a Dual-phase culturing system to grow D. salina has a great interest if D. salina cultivation is targeted for lipids and β-carotene production.

[Mashael O. Alshareef and Fotoon A. Sayegh. Cultivation technique of Dunaliella salina using partially treated sewage water and discharged desalination water. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):142-150]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 20. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.20.

Keywords: Beta-carotene, D. salina, microalgae, sewage water, Dual-phase

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Antibiotics Resistance in Viridans Streptococci Isolated from Odontogenic Infections in Tanta University Dental Clinic, Egypt

Tarek El-said El-Banna, Fatma Ibrahim Sonbol, Ahmed Ahmed Abd El-Aziz and Nayera Medhat Zayed

Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt.

nayerazayed@pharm.tanta.edu.eg

Abstract: In this study, a total of 166 streptococcal isolates were recovered from clinical samples. All the isolates were identified based on their colonial morphology on Mitis-Salivarius agar and API 20 Strep identification system. Six species were identified namely S. mutans, S. mitis, S. salivarius, S. oralis, S. sanguinis, S. anginosus. The most isolated species was S. mutans (22.9%) of total isolates, while the least isolated one was S. sanguinis (12%). The susceptibility of the recovered isolates to 10 antibiotics was determined using agar dilution method. Resistance patterns were set for the resistant isolates (58 isolate out of the recovered 166). Patterns included resistance to 2 to 9 of the tested antibiotics. The highest incidence of resistant was to macrolide antibiotics while the lowest incidence was to cefepime (4^th generation cephalosporin). Resistance mechanisms to tested antibiotics were investigated. Beta-lactams resistance was found to be through alterations of PBPs in resistant isolates and none of the resistant isolates showed production of β-lactamases. For macrolides and lincosamides resistance, M phenotype was predominant in the tested isolates confirmed by presence of the corresponding gene mef(A), followed by cMLS_B then finally the iMLS_B, they both were confirmed by presence of the corresponding gene erm(B).

[Tarek El-said El-Banna, Fatma Ibrahim Sonbol, Ahmed Ahmed Abd El-Aziz and Nayera Medhat Zayed. Antibiotics Resistance in Viridans Streptococci Isolated from Odontogenic Infections in Tanta University Clinic, Egypt. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):151-158]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 21. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.21.

Keywords: Viridans Streptococci, Odontogenic infections, β-lactams, PBPs, Macrolides, Phenotype

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The Oligo – Miocene Volcanism of the Red Sea Rift Valley: Petrology and geochemistry of the volcanic activity in the Northwestern Sinai, Egypt

Hatem M. El-Desoky¹ and Ramadan E. El-shafey²

¹Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Geologist at El-Arish Cement Company (ArCC), Sinai, Egypt

hatem_eldesoky@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Oligo-Miocene Volcanism of the Red Sea Rift Valley at Al-Hemmah-Resan Ikteifa district are characterized by hills and sheets outcrops of “within plate” tholeiitic alkali basalt and dolerite. Al-Hemmah and Resan Ikteifa volcanic rocks are formed mainly of non-porphyritic olivine dolerite together with some porphyritic olivine basalts. Geochemically the basalt and dolerite are alkaline to subalkaline. The alkaline character is confirmed by the appearance of nepheline in the norms. Various discrimination diagrams confirm the “within plate” character of basalt and dolerite. They are derived from subcontinental lithospheric enriched mantle, and rule out asthenospheric mantle source in true continental rift environments, are good agreement between the studied basaltic samples and N-MRB and E-MORB, affected by crustal contamination. The tholeiitic nature is evident from Nb-Zr-Y plot. The basalts with normative nepheline are generally enriched in alkalis. These rocks relatively enriched of Zn, Zr and Cr which characterizes the tholeiitic rocks.

[Hatem M. El-Desoky and Ramadan E. El-shafey. The Oligo – Miocene Volcanism of the Red Sea Rift Valley: Petrology and geochemistry of the volcanic activity in the Northwestern Sinai, Egypt. Nat Sci 2016;14(8):159-185]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 22. doi:10.7537/marsnsj140816.22.

Keywords: Red Sea Rift, basalt, dolerite, geochemistry, petrogenesis, Al-Hemmah, Resan Ikteifa, North Sinai, Egypt.

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