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Comparison between efficacy of first trimesteric Subchorionic haematoma and cervical length in prediction of preterm labour

Khattab Abdelhalim Omar, Abd Elraouf Mohamad Oun, Abd-Elrahman Saleh Abo-Elmaaty, Hala Mahmoud El Sherbiny Khalifa

Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (Damietta), Faculty of medicine- Al-Azhar University- Egypt

Dr_hmek2011@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Preterm labour is the presence of regular uterine contraction in combination with cervical changes with or without intact membrane before 37 completed weeks. Two-thirds of preterm births occur because women go into spontaneous labor with intact or ruptured membranes; the other third result from indicated preterm deliveries for potentially life threatening conditions (e.g. pre-eclampsia) or fetal complications (e.g. intrauterine growth restriction). Spontaneous premature labor has been associated with multifactorial causes including demographic factors, stress, infections and genital inflammations. Bacterial vaginosis is also associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Preterm labor are still a major problem in obstetrics. Methods: 200 women; 100 pregnant women with first trimester subchorionic haematoma and or short cervix (below 3 cm) and 100 pregnant women with normal cervical length and without subchorionic haematoma. Results: The incidence of preterm labor was high among study (27%) than among control group (8.7%) with high statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Early assessment of all pregnant women in the first trimester by ultrasound for any abnormality as SCH and confirmation by cervical ultrasound in the second trimester were important to predict preterm birth outcome and the presence of first trimesteric SCH alone associated with increased risk of preterm labor, but if the SCH was associated with short cervix the risk of preterm labor more increased.

[Khattab Abdelhalim Omar, Abd Elraouf Mohamad Oun, Abd-Elrahman Saleh Abo-Elmaaty, Hala Mahmoud El Sherbiny Khalifa. Comparison between efficacy of first trimesteric Subchorionic haematoma and cervical length in prediction of preterm labour. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):1-5]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.01.

Keywords: preterm labor, short cervix, SCH

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Cystic Fibrosis and Consanguinity in the Saudi Arabian Population

Saleh Ali Al-Ghamdi

College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif-Al- Haweiah-21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Email: alamh0@googlemail.com

Abstract: Until relatively recently, cystic fibrosis (CF) was considered to be to be rare in saudiarabia. The prevalence of CF varies considerably in different regions of the country, with the highest rate (37%) being found in the eastern region followed by the central region (28%), western region (22%), southerner region (8%) and finally the northerner region (5%). An association has been suggested between consanguineous marriage and the high incidence of CF. In saudiarabia, marriages between first cousins represents 40 -50% of general population. However, in the last few years the prevalence of CF among saudis has risen. This could be attributed to the omission of CF from the national newborn screening program, low awareness of CF among saudis and a dearth of appropriate genetic counseling services. This study represents a detrailes evidence based report focuses on history of CF among saudis, its epidemiology, complications of the disease and consanguineous marriage in relation to CF.

[Saleh Ali Al-Ghamdi. Cystic Fibrosis and Consanguinity in the Saudi Arabian Population. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):6-10]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.02.

Keywords: Cystic fibrosis; consanguineous marriage; saudiarabia

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Medicinal Value Of Camel Milk And Meat

Askale Abrhaley and Samson Leta

College of veterinary medicine and animal science, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX:196, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Corresponding author: Askale Abrhaley, Emails: abrhaleyaskivet2015@gmail.com, askaleabrhaley@yahoo.com

Abstract：Camel milk and meat are good source of nutrients for the peoples living especially in the arid and urban areas. Camel milk and meat are unique from other ruminant’s milk and meat in terms of composition as well as claimed health effects. Camel milk has low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and magnesium), and high vitamin C when compared with other ruminant milk. Camel milk has potential therapeutic effects, such as anti- bacteria, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-aging and anti-carcinogenic. It is often easily digested by lactose-intolerant individuals. The medicinal properties of camel milk can be attributed due to presence of protective proteins, which may possibly play pivotal role for enhancement of immune defense mechanism. Not only camel milk, but also camel meat in general is considered a functional food for cures and remedial of many ailments such as seasonal fever, sciatica, shoulder pain, asthma, removing freckles and for improved performance in many cultures around the world. Therefore, it is important to illustrate the overview of compositions and medicinal values of camel milk and meat, and hence provide scientific evidence on the therapeutic effect of camel milk and meat for treatment of different diseases. As a result, the consumption and therapeutic use of camel milk and meat should be enhanced and practiced in different health care services.

[Askale Abrhaley and Samson Leta. Medicinal Value Of Camel Milk And Meat. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):11-21]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.03.

Keywords: antimicrobial, camel meat, camel milk, composition, immunity, medicine.

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Drought tolerance of some cowpea genotypes under Upper Egypt conditions

Abdel-Haleem. A. H. El-Shaieny

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt.

a.elshaieny@agr.svu.edu.eg

Abstract: Yield characteristics had a significant role in determining the elite genotypes, which applied by plant breeder, this purpose relies on the method of genotypes by environments and stability behavior of genotypes. Two field experiments conducted in 2014 and 2015 amid to screening twelve cowpea genotypes for drought tolerance over 6 environments (the mixes of three interval irrigation water i.e., 6, 12 and 18 days, with two years). Combined analysis of variance revealed that highly significant (P ˂ 0.01) for CHC, FD, NB, TYS, PH, PL, W100S, and PRO. Under stress conditions (D3), a great diminishing detected for TSY by 38.84% as differentiated with (D1) non-stress conditions. CHC, NB, PH, PL, and W100S decreased by 20.21, 33.46, 32.52 and 23.38 respectively, in stress conditions. While the genotypes had priority for DF by 5.38 days in stress condition, proline accumulation expanded in adverse condition by 42.44%. The genotypes No. 7, 8, 10 and 11 were stable (bi ˂ 1), with mean values greater than the grand mean. While genotypes 2 and 4 were unstable (bi ˃ 1) with low mean values for TSY. Genotypes No. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 were drought tolerance (SSI values ˂ 1). as for TOL, genotypes 5, 12, 10 and 7 were drought tolerant. For STI the most desirable genotypes were 1, 8 and 9. Genotypes No. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 were the highest for TSY in adverse environments.

[Abdel-Haleem. A. H. El-Shaieny. Drought tolerance of some cowpea genotypes under Upper Egypt conditions. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):22-29]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.04.

Keywords: Abiotic stress, Chlorophyll, Proline, Stability, SSI, STI, Vigna unguiculata

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Effect of kefir stsarter on the chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of karish cheese

Hassan M. Sobhy¹, El-Abd M. M², Baraka A. Abd El-Salam³ and Mona A. Hassan³

¹ Institute of African Research and Studies, Natural Resources Department, Cairo University, Egypt

² Dairy Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt

³ Food Technology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

E-mail: monaabdellfattah@yahoo.com

Abstract: Chemical (acidity, lactose and soluble nitrogen), microbiological (total count (T.C.), Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Yeast & Mold), and sensory properties of Kariesh cheese produced with rennet and different starter cultures (rennet (T₁), kefir (T₂), yoghurt (T₃), rennet +kefir (T₄), rennet +yoghurt (T₅) and kefir+yoghurt (T₆) were examined during storage at 4ºC for 30 days. Initial titratable acidity values of Karish cheese samples produced using kefir starter culture in fresh cheese were higher than those produced using rennet or yoghurt starter. At the end of storage period, titratable acidity values of Karish cheese samples increased. Lactose content decreased during the storage period in all Kariesh cheese samples, while there was a more decline in treatments which contain Kefir. Karish cheese samples produced using kefir, kefir plus rennet or kefir plus yoghurt showed the highest numbers of total count and yeast & mold while, Karish cheese produced using rennet or yoghurt starter had the lowest numbers of total count and yeast & mold. All Karish cheese samples (except rennet cheese) showed the highest lactobacilli and streptococci counts. Sensory analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments. Treatment 6 (1.5% Kefir + 1.5% yoghurt starter (1:1)) recorded the highest degree of flavor, appearance and texture characteristics. Results indicated that using kefir starter increasing shelf life of Karish cheese. Furthermore, improved sensory characteristics.

[Hassan M. Sobhy, El-Abd M. M., Baraka A. Abd El-Salam and Mona A. Hassan. Effect of kefir stsarter on the chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of karish cheese. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):30-35]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.05.

Key words: kefir starter, Kariesh cheese, chemical, microbiological and sensory properties

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Molecular Identification of Nine Okra Landraces by SDS-PAGE and RAPD Markers technique

Alaaeldin A. Helaly^1,3, Mohamed A. Shalan², Arafa A. Abdou¹ and Mohamed T.G. Alabd¹

¹Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

² Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture research center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt

³Stockbridge School of Agriculture, Massachusetts University, Amherst, MA, USA

Corresponding authors: alaahelaly@hotmail.com

Abstract: Genetic identification of okra genotypes by fingerprinting techniques was performed on seed storage protein (SDS-PAGE) and leaf DNA (RAPD-PCR). Okra genotypes were collected from several geographical zone areas in Egypt and challenged to molecular marker analysis. Seed storage protein electrophoretic of SDS-PAGE indicated that the genotypes Aswan and Red, Tanta and Ityei El-Barud, Al-Sheikh Makram and Damanhur, Al-Hemaa and Al-Sabahia were closely related to each other. The nine okra genotypes were divided into main clusters A and B the first cluster A is further classified into two sub-clusters, a and b. Nine okra genotypes were assessed using 6 primers which amplified 61 bands with an average of 10.16 bands/ primer. Out of the total amplified bands, only 42 (68.58%) were polymorphic bands, 7 (11.47%) were monomorphic bands, 12 (19.67) positive unique bands and 1 (1.63%) negative unique bands. The dendrograms by UPGMA distinguished two main clusters, A and B. The first cluster A comprises two sub-clusters a and b. However, the main cluster B confined two main sub-clusters c and d. a considerable polymorphism appeared to exist, which showed genetic variability in okra genotypes that will be useful in the future for breeding program to obtained new genotypes with good traits.

[Helaly, AA., Shalan MA, Abdu AA and Alabd MTG. Molecular Identification of Nine Okra Landraces by SDS-PAGE and RAPD Markers technique. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):36-44]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.06.

Keywords: Okra, SDS-PAGE, DNA markers, polymorphism, genetic variability, similarity

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Assessment of Bone Density and Vit D. In Chronic Hepatitis C Infection

Shaimaa A. Elashmawy ¹, Mohsen M. Alsaied ², Ashrf I. Mostafa², Mohammad Y. Shahin ³, Anwar G. EL Shetty ⁴

¹Arab Organization of Industry Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

²Physical Medicine Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine AlAzhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine AlAzhar University, Egypt

⁴Tropical Department, Faculty of Medicine AlAzhar University, Egypt

ashmawy51@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of the Work: aim of this study was to assess bone mineral density and estimation of Vit. D status in patients with chronic hepatitis C viral infection. Patients and Methods: The study included 50 patients chronic hepatitis C (25 males and 25 females) All patients had positive test for anti-HCV antibody for at least 6 months and HCV-RNA detectable in the serum and 50 matched controls (25 males and 25 females). All participants were subjected to: Assessment of bone mineral density (g/cm²) (BMD) by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry method. And Serum 25 (OH)^-D₃ levels were measured by Chemoillumicience technique. Serum25 (OH)-D levels at 30 and 20 ng/ml were the cut off values for VD insufficiency and deficiency respectively. Both BMD (g/cm²), and Serum25 (OH)-D were correlated with staging of liver disease choronicity as assessed by the Child-Pugh’s score (CPS), gender age and disease duration were considered. Results: Bone mineral density were significantly lower in patients than controls (where P = 0.078 & 0.068), females patents were lower than males (non significant where p <0.05) and vit D(OH) were also lower in patents (28.7 ± 5.4 ng/ml than controls 48± 67 ng/mL) (where p<0.05). Conclusion: BMD (osteopenia and osteoporosis) was more in CLD patients than controls and equal in both males and female patients, and correlated to disease duration and staging of liver disease. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common among chronic hepatitis C infection patients than controls also female patients had low vit. D (deficiency) than males.

[Shaimaa A. Elashmawy, Mohsen M. Alsaied, Ashrf I. Mostafa, Mohammad Y. Shahin, Anwar G. EL Shetty Assessment of Bone Density and Vit D. In Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):45-54]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.07.

Keywords: Hepatitis C; Bone mass density; Liver fibrosis; Vit. D

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Characterization of prodigiosin produced by Serratiamarcescens strain isolated from irrigation water in Egypt

Ahmed H. Faraag¹; Ahmed I. El-Batal² andHoda H. El-Hendawy^1*

¹Botany and Microbiology department, Faculty of science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

²Drug Radiation Research Department, Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt

el_hendawi@hotmail.com

Abstract: The spectroscopic analyses of the red pigment with UV–vis spectral analysis, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR Spectroscopy) and IH-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR Spectroscopy), indicated that the red pigment produced by Serratiamarcescens strain WSE is prodigiosin. The cluster genes (pig cluster) responsible for the production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens strain WSE were amplified by PCR, sequenced and their nucleotide sequences were analyzed through bioinformatics. High degree of similarity was detected between the nucleotide sequence of the pig clusters and the nucleotide sequence of S. marcescens in the NCBI database (Acc. No. AJ833002, Acc. No.CP005927 and Acc. No.CP003959). Effect of precursor amino acids on prodigiosin production by S. marcescens isolate WSE were examined and the results revealed that maximum pigment production was obtained by growing S. marcescens in Nutrient Broth supplemented with 10 mg/ml L-tyrosine. This study suggests that L-Tyrosine plays an important role for maximum induction of pigment production by S. marcescens strain WSE. We describe a new method for estimation of prodigiosin concentrations intra and extracellular. We also report the organization of prodigiosin biosynthetic gene (pig) clusters in S. marcescens strain WSE based on predicted protein functions of the genes of the pig clusters.

[Faraag, A. H.; El-Batal, A. I. and El-Hendawy H. H. Characterization of prodigiosin produced by Serratiamarcescens strain isolated from irrigation water in Egypt. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):55-68]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.08.

Keywords: gene, prodigiosin, Serratiamarcescens, BLAST, L-Tyrosine

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Prevalence of Factor VIII Inhibitors among Hemophilia A Patients

Mosallam Mohamed El-Sayed Nasser¹, Ahmed Yousef El-Sawah¹, Mohamed Abdel-Hakim Sorour², Mohamed Abdel-Karim Ibrahim¹, Rasha Abdel-Raouf Abdel-Aziz3, Walaa Mohammad Abdel-Reheem¹

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Egypt

² Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Egypt

³ Department of Pediatrics, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. Egypt

wonarola@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy to hemophilia A patients results in an immune response (inhibitor formation). Inhibitor antibody to exogenous FVIII is a major complication of hemophilia treatment. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of inhibitor antibody directed against FVIII. Methods: From June 2016 to March 2017, 40 patients with hemophilia A visited or admitted in Abul-Rish Children’s Hospital were evaluated. Antibody against FVIII were measured. Data were collected and analyzed. Results: The age range of the patients was 2.5-18 years. The inhibitor antibody was detected in 10 patients (25%) all with severe hemophilia A. The mean level of inhibitor antibody was 14.2 Bethesda unit (BU) (ranged 2-64). Seven patients had inhibitor antibody level ≥5 BU (high responder) and three patients had inhibitor antibody level <5 BU (low responder). Conclusion: Severe disease have a substantially higher incidence of inhibitor development than mild or moderate disease. Recommendation: Regular screening of patients with severe hemophilia every 6 months.

[Mosallam Mohamed El-Sayed Nasser, Ahmed Yousef El-Sawah, Mohamed Abdel-Hakim Sorour, Mohamed Abdel-Karim Ibrahim, Rasha Abdel-Raouf Abdel-Aziz, Walaa Mohammad Abdel-Reheem. Prevalence of Factor VIII Inhibitors among Hemophilia A Patients Infection. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):69-73]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.09.

Key Words: Inhibitory antibody, FVIII, hemophilia A

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An Overview: Effect of Different Abiotic Stresses on Quantitative Traits of Brassica, Sunflower and Soybean due to Climate Change.

Zafar Iqbal¹, Naila Nawaz², Ukasha², Areeba Musharaf², Hafiz Saad Bin Mustafa^3*, Tariq Mahmood³ and Muhammad Aftab³

¹Post Harvest Research Centre, Faisalabad, Pakistan

²Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Directorate of Oilseeds, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author’s Email: saadpbg@gmail.com

Abstract: Despite of technological advancement, such as improved crop cultivars, genetically modified organisms, and irrigation systems, weather is still a key factor in agricultural productivity, as well as soil properties and natural communities. The effect of climate on agriculture is related to variability in local climates rather than in global climate patterns. Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale. Climate change is affecting agriculture in a number of ways, including through changes in average temperatures, rainfall, and climate extremes; changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods; and changes in sea level. Heat and drought are the most injurious abiotic stresses affecting the plant growth and development globally. In oilseed crops, crop germination, plant height, leaf area index, pollination, grain weight, oil and protein content and crop growth rate is affected by high temperature. Increase in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. Water deficit stress also caused a reduction in the plant growth due to decline in photosynthesis products which ultimately cause decrease in crop production. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and climatic change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security especially in poor countries and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with. There are many research and management strategies that can reduce the negative impacts of climate change on oilseed crops to safeguard the global food security.

[Zafar Iqbal, Naila Nawaz, Ukasha, Areeba Musharaf, Hafiz Saad Bin Mustafa, Tariq Mahmood and Muhammad Aftab. An Overview: Effect of Different Abiotic Stresses on Quantitative Traits of Brassica, Sunflower and Soybean due to Climate Change. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):74-81]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.10.

Keywords: Abiotic stresses, Climate changes, Drought stress, Heat stress, Oilseeds.

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Browse abundance and the methodologies for their selection as candidate feed resources in Nigeria: A review

CC Achonwa¹, IP Ogbuewu¹, EC Ogundu², IH Kubkomawa³, MC Uchegbu¹ and IC Okoli¹

¹Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology PMB 1526 Owerri, Nigeria

²Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa, Nigeria

³Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

chukwumachristian1@gmail.com

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to review browse plants abundance and the methodologies for their selection as candidate ruminant and monogastric animals feed resources in Nigeria. Browses have the ability to supply all the nutrients needed to maintain highly productive animals, especially ruminants throughout the growing period. Its use as feed is usually limited by their poor intake, high fibre content and, in some cases the presence of toxic factors or metabolic inhibitors such as cyanogens, alkaloids, saponins, and tanins, low digestibility and low nutrient content and subsequent low animal performance. In the tropics browse plants have been found to be of significant potential in terms of adoptability, productivity and acceptability for ruminants in order to balance the difficulties of feed shortages in the dry season as many browses of economic importance have been identified and utilized in livestock feeding in the area. Some methodologies for browse selection have been identified and adopted over the years which mostly depend on the availability of biological diversity of the browse resources. Methodologies such as indigenous ranking, farmer’s knowledge and assessment for nutrient prediction, laboratory protocols and modeling and most recently socio-cultural and phytochemical scoring protocols are being recommended for browse selection. Indigenous knowledge of browse diversity also serves as a veritable and reliable tool in assessing browse abundance in Nigeria. Major constraints to leaf meals utilization in the area include presence of anti-nutrients, high fiber and bulkiness among others. Therefore methods for upgrading leaf meal value include drying, heat treatment, additives treatment and fermentation. Identified and overlooked valuable indigenous browses of Nigeria which could serve as feed and medicinal resources for livestock improvement should be researched upon and be promoted in the area to optimize production efficiency.

[CC Achonwa, IP Ogbuewu, EC Ogundu, IH Kubkomawa, MC Uchegbu and IC Okoli. Browse abundance and the methodologies for their selection as candidate feed resources in Nigeria: A review. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):82-94]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.11.

Keywords: Browse, ruminants, livestock, feed resources, Nigeria

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Relationship between L- carnitine and trace metals in Breast cancer female patients

Fathy M. El-Taweel¹, Mammdouh M. El-Sheshtawy², Salem Habeeb¹; Sheren. M. Waly¹

¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science.New Damietta city, Damietta University, Egypt

²Biochemistry – Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt

fathyeltaweel@yahoo.com, mshisht@mans.edu, egsheren.waly@yahoo.com

Abstract: Trace metals and metals induced oxidative stress have been known to have a role in breast carcinogenesis, L- carnitine, one of complementary and alternative medicine, play important role in cell energy metabolism and has antioxidant effect. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of L – carnitine on levels of trace metals and oxidative stress process in breast cancer female patient. The present study included 80 female patients as well as 20healthy control. Trace metals, L – carnitine level, were assessed in patients serum before and after end of chemotherapy. Patients divided into two groups, first group include 40 patients received L – carnitine +chemotherapy and a second group of 40 patients received chemotherapy only. The present results showed significant increase in Iron, Lead, Manganese, Cadmium in breast cancer patient compared with control group except copper and Zinc were higher in control group. The only effect of L- carnitine on trace metals was on iron level which decrease in patients received L- carnitine otherwise no effect. The present study concluded that L- carnitine chemotherapy combination leads to the reduction of iron level in female patients with breast cancer and also has potent antioxidative stress in the form of preserving the level of Glutathione on comparison to other groups.

[Fathy M. El-Taweel, MammdouhM. El-Sheshtawy, Salem Habeeb; Sheren. M. Waly. Relationship between L- carnitine and trace metals in Breast cancer female patients. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):95-100]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.12.

Keywords: L- carnitine, trace metals, breast cancer, oxidative stress.

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A Review On Animal African Trypanosomosis And Its Control

Mesafint mitiku, Ashenafi Assefa and Askale abrhaley

College of veterinary medicine and animal science, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX:196, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Corresponding author: Mesafint Mitiku, email address: mesamitiku@gmail.com

Summary: Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT), a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, is a major constraint on livestock and agricultural production in African countries. The disease threatens the survival of animals and reduces their production. The aim of this review is to highlight animal trypanosomosis and different methods used to control AAT. Because of the phenomenon of antigenic variation, no vaccine is available. Over the past century numerous methods of control have been developed but most heavily relied on are the trypanocidal drugs and this has lead to an increasing problem with resistance in the target organisms. Current methods to control the disease, in the absence of a vaccine, directed against the parasite, the vector or the host. Unfortunately, most of these methods have also disadvantages and none has proved to be ideal. A combination of control methods is being used in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of control. Hence there is a great need to strengthen these integrated approaches for more effective control of trypanosomosis.

[Mesafint mitiku, Ashenafi Assefa and Askale abrhaley. A Review On Animal African Trypanosomosis And Its Control. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):101-110]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.13.

Key words: control, protozoa, trypanosomosis, trypanocidal drugs

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Effect Of The Inclusion Of Fruit Peel On Consumer Acceptability, Dietary Fiber And Chemical Properties Of Jam Products

Ijioma B. C ²; Osuji C. M.¹; *Okafor D. C.¹; Agunwa, I.M.¹; Ofoedu, C.E; Alagbaoso, S.O.¹; Onyeka E. U.¹ and Adikaibe C. C¹

¹Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P. M. B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

²Department of Biology, Alvan Ikoku Fedral Colledge of Education

*Corresponding author okafordamaris@gmail.com

Abstract: Jam products were prepared from mango and pineapple fruits separately. The pulp and peel of each fruit were used. The effect of the inclusion of fruit peel on consumer acceptability, dietary fiber and other chemical properties of jam products were investigated. Dietary fiber was significantly (P>0.5) higher in jam produced with pulp and peels together. Pineapple jam with pulp and peel contained the highest dietary fiber of 30%. There was significant (P> 0.05) variation in pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solid of the different jam products. The samples also varied significantly (p=0.05) in terms of the colour, taste and other sensory attributes. When a mixture of pulp and peel of fruit were used together in jam making, mango jam had the lowest acceptability score of 5.6 while pineapple had a score of 7.0. Qualitative descriptive analysis of the jam samples revealed that jam from the mixture of fruit peel and pulp requires improvement only in smoothness compared with that from the fruit pulp. The use of edible fruit peels in food product such as jam is therefore recommended. Ijioma BC,

[Osuji C M, Okafor DC, Agunwa IM, Ofoedu CE, Alagbaoso SO, Onyeka EU and Adikaibe CC. Effect Of The Inclusion Of Fruit Peel On Consumer Acceptability, Dietary Fiber And Chemical Properties Of Jam Products. Nat Sci 2017;15(5):111-119]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj150517.14.

Keywords: Jam, fruit peel, chemical properties, sensory, consumer acceptability

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