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Serum Cystatin C as Marker for Renal Function in Neonatal Asphyxia

Magdy Ashmawy Sakr¹, Mohamed Ibrahim Abdel-Aal¹, Tarek Mostafa Omran², Hamdy Mohamed Abdallah¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine; AL-Azhar University (Damietta), Egypt

²Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine; AL-Azhar University (Damietta), Egypt

Email: hamdyabdallah1984@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Despite advances in neonatal resuscitation, perinatal asphyxia remains a common problem, with serious effects on all body systems. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common consequence of perinatal asphyxia. Early diagnosis of AKI may help improving outcome. Cystatin C is a new marker of renal function that may aid in early diagnosis of AKI. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of cystatin C for early detection of AKI among term infants with perinatal asphyxia. Patients and methods: A prospective case control study included 45 term neonates with HIE and 45 healthy controls. Serum cystatin c was measured within 24 hours after birth. AKI was defined using a serum creatinine based modification of the acute kidney injury network criteria. Results: Among the 45 neonates with perinatal asphyxia, 24 (53%) had AKI. Mean serum cystatin C value was significantly higher among HIE neonates than controls and higher amonh AKI-neonates. The incidence of AKI Stages 1, 2 and 3 was 12 (50 %), 7 (29 %) and 5(21 %) respectively. The trend in change in serum cystatin C values among different stages of AKI was found to be statistically significant and increased. ROC curve showed that a serum cystatin C cut off value of 1.495mg/l had 91.7% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity in predicting AKI with AUC of 0.965 [ (95%CI): 0.92–1]. Conclusions: Serum cystatin C seems to be a promising marker for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury, further studies are recommended to validate these results.

[Magdy Ashmawy Sakr, Mohamed Ibrahim Abdel-Aal, Tarek Mostafa Omran, Hamdy Mohamed Abdallah. Serum Cystatin C as Marker for Renal Function in Neonatal Asphyxia. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):1-4]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.01.

Keywords: Asphyxia, acute kidney injury, hypoxic ischemic, encephalopathy, cystatin c.

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Seroprevelence and Co-infections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C Virus among Prison Inmates in Security Challenged Yobe State of North-Eastern Nigeria

*¹M.B. Abubakar, ¹A. Ibrahim, ¹M.M. Maina, ¹A.D. El-Yuguda, ²Z.A. Bello and ¹S.S. Baba

¹Virus research laboratory Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri. P.M.B.1069. Maiduguri, Nigeria.

² Department of Remedial Science, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

mustydvm@gmail.com*

Abstract: Background: Correctional facilities are crucial integral of the criminal justice system and represents a potential breeding ground for infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Hapatitis B, Hepatitis C and tuberculosis. It is therefore, imperative to determine the sero-prevalence and coinfection of these infectious diseases agents among prison inmates. Methods: From February- March 2014, 352 prison inmates of which 343 were males and nine females from three prisons in Yobe State were consensually recruited for this study. Blood samples were collected and screened for HIV, HBV and HCV using Trinity Biotech Uni-gold HIV test kit, one step HBV test kit and HCV ELISA. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 13.0. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Out of the 352, 1.7%, 13% and 3.98% were seropositive for HIV, HBV and HCV respectively. 0.6%, 0.3%, 0.9% and 0% were co-infected with HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV, HBV/HCV and HIV/HBV/HCV respectively. Those within the age brackets 18-24, 39-45 and 46-52 years had the highest prevalence rate for HIV, HBV and HCV respectively (P < 0.05 for HBV and HCV). Homosexuality and intravenous drug use were significantly associated with infections of HIV, HBV and HCV (P < 0.05), history of venereal diseases was associated with HIV and HBV, undergoing surgery and dental procedure was associated with HCV, multiple sexual partners, sharing of tooth brush and history of tattooing/ tribal mark was significantly associated with HBV (P<0.05). Conclusions: The outcome shows the need for government driven policies in providing care for the infected prisoners thereby protecting the larger society.

[ M.B. Abubakar, A. Ibrahim, M.M. Maina, A.D. El-Yuguda, Z.A. Bello and S.S. Baba. Seroprevelence and Co-infections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C Virus among Prison Inmates in Security Challenged Yobe State of North-Eastern Nigeria. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):5-13]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.02.

Keywords: Coinfection, HIV, HBV. HCV, Sero-prevalence, Yobe State.

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Role of MRI and Ultrasound in the Assessment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Hand and Wrist Joints

Prof. Dr. Mohammed Ali Aboud ¹, Prof. Dr. Mostafa Ahmad Eldahan², Dr. Hussin Montaser Roshdy¹. Ahmad Mahmoud Behery ¹

¹ Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Rheumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University, Cairo, Egypt

a_behery19999@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: discuss and compare the role of ultrasound and MRI of the hand and wrist joints in diagnosis of RA and to evaluate its role in detecting the activity of RA disease. Methods: This study included 30 adult RA patients (23 females and 7 males) with a mean age of 45.28 ± 10.467 years and with a mean disease duration of 6.2 ± 4.188 years. All patients were subjected to: history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations to detect disease activity and plain x-ray for the hands. US and enhanced MRI were used for the evaluation of the clinically dominant hand joints including [30 wrists, 120 2nd to 5th metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, for detection of synovial inflammation (pannus and/or effusion), tenosynovitis and signs of bone destruction, as well as vascularization of the synovial membrane was assessed. Results: We found significant correlation and agreement between both modalities in the assessment of synovial inflammation in the hand and wrist joints. Both power doppler scores and OMERACT RAMRIS scores of synovitis are comparable. Both imaging modalities detected signs of inflammation and bone destruction in the wrist and hand joints showing different aspects of inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion: This significant correlation indicates the potential importance of power Doppler study in the assessment and monitoring of disease activity as reliable non invasive method in the hands of skilled operators. The present study demonstrates a close relationship between power Doppler synovitis score and MRI OMERACT RAMRIS synovitis score. Both modalities are comparable.

[Mohammed Ali Aboud, Mostafa Ahmad Eldahan, Hussin Montaser Roshdy. Ahmad Mahmoud Behery. Role of MRI and Ultrasound in the Assessment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Hand and Wrist Joints. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):14-19]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.03.

Keywords: Role; MRI; Ultrasound; Assessment; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Hand; Wrist Joint

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Characterization and energetic value of peat from the highland of Rwanda

Festus Maniriho¹ and Kim Young Mo²

¹University of Rwanda, college of Agriculture, Animal science and veterinary Medicine

²Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)

 maniriho@gmail.com

Abstract: Rwanda has estimated reserves of 155 million tons of dry peat spread over an area of about 50,000 hectares. However, the quality of the peat is still unknown, and the peat bogs are still unexploited or poorly exploited. It is in that regard an experimental study was undertaken to analyse the quality of peat in the northern high land of Rwanda. Composite peat samples were systematically collected in each of four peat bogs in the region: Bisika, Bahimba, Ndongozi and Nyirabibande. After moisture estimation and natural drying, samples were subjected to proximate (still wet as received) and ultimate (dry ash free) pyrolysis. In order to determine the composition of the char collected from the samples at the end of the previous experiment, the same process of pyrolysis was undertaken. The results found after proximate pyrolysis revealed that the peat samples contain higher amounts of volatile matter between 60-70%, and less fixed carbon than indonesian high-moisture bituminous coal and Mongolian lignite in a dry condition. Also according to an ultimate analysis, peat contains more oxygen by about 10% than low-rank coal. The results from proximate and ultimate pyrolysis also revealed a significant difference in terms of Moisture (M), ash, fixed carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), High Heating Value (HHV) and Low Heating Value (LHV); between peat bogs samples. Thus, according to energy patterns in Rwanda, peat briquetting or hybrid peat pellet for household/industry is highly recommended.

[Festus Maniriho and Kim Young Mo. Characterization and energetic value of peat from the highland of Rwanda. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):20-25]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.04.

Key words: Pyrolysis, Peat, energy, Rwanda

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Palliative care among liver cancer Patients at Mansoura University Hospitals

Naglaa Fathy Hawas, Karima Fuad Elshamy and Amal Eid Abd El Monem.

Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt.

nogaa238@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: liver cancer is one of the most serious diseases that affect the quality of life of patients and contract with patients' well-being and their activity of daily living. The aim of study was toevaluate and assess the palliative care needs to liver cancer patients at Mansoura University Hospital. Design: The study was carried out using a quasi- experimental design. Setting: It was conducted at tropical medical departments at Mansoura university hospital. Sample: A purposive sample consisted of hundred patients in all stages of liver cancer disease. Results: There was statistically significant relations between liver cancer patients and activity of daily living and spiritual needs, also, there was significant relations between liver cancer patients and role activities. Conclusion: The nursing assessment to liver cancer patients problems and their unmet needs in palliative care were identified after the investigation which was made at tropical unit at Mansoura university hospital., the results revealed also that the most problems of liver cancer patients were poor social issues (40%), poor spiritual issues (37%), good autonomy (41%), poor informational needs (40%). Recommendation: In view of the study findings, it is recommended to implement the developed nursing intervention program and its booklet in similar settings, with more efforts from nurses to improve the palliative care needs to liver cancer patients and provide a lot of palliative care settings to better administration of palliative care to liver cancer patients.

[Naglaa Fathy Hawas, Karima Fuad Elshamy and Amal Eid Abd El Monem. Palliative care among liver cancer Patients at Mansoura University Hospitals. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):26-33]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.05.

Key words: liver cancer, palliative care. social care

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A review: Impact of salinity on plant growth

Hamna Safdar^1*, Aniqa Amin¹, Yousuf Shafiq², Anum Ali¹, Rabia Yasin¹, Abbas Shoukat¹, Maqsood Ul Hussan³, Muhammad Ishtiaq Sarwar⁴

¹Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

⁴Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author’s email: hamnasafdar3@gmail.com

Abstract: The environmental stress is a major area of scientific concern because it constraints plant as well as crop productivity. Salinity stress limits crop yield affecting plant growth and restricting the use of land. As world population is increasing at alarming rate, agricultural land is shrinking due to industrialization and/or habitat use. Hence, there is a need to utilize salt affected land to meet the food requirement. Excessive salt above what plants need limits plant growth and productivity and can lead to plant death. About 20% of all irrigated land is affected by soil salinity, decreasing crop yields (Kader, 2010 March). Plants are affected by salt stress in two main ways: osmotic stress and ionic toxicity. These stresses affect all major plant processes, including photosynthesis, cellular metabolism, and plant nutrition. This paper examines the ways in which salt inhibits plant function and the correlating responses of plants to salt stress. Plants can be divided into two categories in regards to salt stress: glycophytes and halophytes. Glycophytes are extremely sensitive to salt in soils; halophytes are salt tolerant and often grow in salty environments. Glycophytes comprise the majority of plant life and all major crops, so the increasing salinity in soils is of major concern.

[Hamna Safdar, Aniqa Amin, Yousuf Shafiq, Anum Ali, Rabia Yasin, Abbas Shoukat, Maqsood Ul Hussan, Muhammad Ishtiaq Sarwar. A review: Impact of salinity on plant growth. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):34-40]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.06.

Key words: Salinity, plant growth, agriculture

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 Comparative studies on the effects of soil residues of three maize herbicides on the growth, yield and proximate composition of Amaranthus cruentus.

Adejoro, S. A. and Ayelari, O. P.

Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management,

Federal University of Technology Akure. PMB 704 Akure Ondo State, Nigeria.

Email: solomonajoro@gmail.com, Tel: +234-8068866204

Abstract: A completely randomized design pot experiment was conducted in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management of the Federal University of Technology Akure (7°16¢N, 5°12¢E) Nigeria, to compare the soil residual effects of atrazine, 2,4-D and glyphosate on the growth and yield as well as leaf nutritional quality of A. Cruentus. Seeds of A. Cruentus were sown in soil samples collected from maize plots where the foregoing herbicides have been used to control weeds at the usual field recommended rates. The preliminary treatments also included a weed-free control and a weedy check. Results indicated that soils containing atrazine residues best supported the growth of amaranth as it gave the highest values in terms of all the growth parameters considered. This however did not translate to increase in yield as there were no significant differences among the treatments in the yield parameters. Results further showed that the herbicides, when applied to the field at the field recommended rates did not leave residues in the soil, which may cause phytotoxic effects to the indicator plant. Seedling development and dry matter accumulation of the indicator plant was more than 90 percent normal (when compared with those from un-treated plots). It is therefore concluded that the gestation period of 12 weeks for maize growth is long enough to degrade any of the three herbicides to be able to sustain amaranth sown to succeed maize in rotation in the rain forest vegetation zone of Nigeria.

[Adejoro SA, Ayelari OP. Comparative studies on the effects of soil residues of three maize herbicides on the growth, yield and proximate composition of Amaranthus cruentus. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):41-45]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.07.

Key words: Herbicide residues, atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-D, Amaranthus cruentus, and phytotoxicity

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Influence of Mode of Delivery on the Quality of Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells

Prof. Dr. Asmaa Fathelbab Abdel Halim¹, Prof. Dr. Osama Mahmoud Azmy², Dr. Hanan Abdel Moneim Mohamed¹ and Rasha Ezzat Elsayed¹

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

²Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Research Centre, Egypt

drrasha146@yahoo.com

Abstract: Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. Serving as a sort ofrepairsystem for the body, they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) can be used as a source of primitive hematopoietic stem and pluripotent progenitor cells in clinical application to reconstitute the hematopoietic system and/or to restore immunological function in vivo. Compared to hematopoietic stem cells from marrow, UCB has many known advantages. Obstetric factors including gestational age, parity of the mother, sex and birthweight of the newborn, weight of the placenta, duration of labor, and the mode of delivery are known to influence the cell content of UCB. The aim of the present study is to study the influence of mode of delivery on the quality of cord blood stem cells assessed by measuring Total nucleated cell (TNC) count, CD34 Cell count and cell viability. The current study was comparative study thatcarried out on 30 Cord Blood (CB) samples divided into two groups:- Group A: 15 cord blood samples will be taken from vaginal deliveries. Group B: 15 cord blood samples will be taken from cesarean section (regardless to the cause of cesarean section). After obtaining informedconsent from participating mother attending Alzahra University hospital Department of Obstetric and gynecology for delivery. In conclusion cesarean delivery of neonates would lead to an increase of UCD volume and CD34 counts in UCB compared to those that were collected by vaginal delivery of newborns.

[Asmaa Fathelbab Abdel Halim, Osama Mahmoud Azmy, Hanan Abdel Moneim Mohamed and Rasha Ezzat Elsayed. Influence of Mode of Delivery on the Quality of Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):46-55]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.08.

Keywords: Influence; Mode; Delivery; Quality; Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells

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Evaluation of Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness & Ganglion Cell Complex in Amblyopia

Prof. Mohamed Khedr Mohamed, Dr. Ahmad EL Sayed Hodieb, Hussam Mohamed Kamel Ahmed

Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

Hussamkamel65@yahoo.com

Abstract: Amblyopia is the most frequent cause of unilateral poor visual acuity (VA) in children, with an incidence of 0.5- 3.5% in preschool and school-age children. Amblyopia develops in children up to the age of 6-8 years and persists life-long. Preschool vision screenings have aimed to provide a safety net by identifying children with risk factors for amblyopia while they are still within the critical period of treatment efficacy. This is followed by occlusion or penalisation of the dominant eye that aims to enhance cortical processing of visual input from the amblyopic eye by temporarily limiting cortical input from the dominant eye. Enoch et al. were the first of many authors to suggest a specific cause for an organic anomaly affecting the retina in amblyopia. OCT was a fast, noninvasive, noncontact, transpupillary ophthalmic imaging technique that made measuring of retinal, macular nerve fiber layer and other ocular structures thicknesses. SD-OCT allows for higher resolutions, improved visualization of retinal morphology and retinal pathology, and faster scanning times. This study used SD-OCT to compare retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and ganglion cell complex (GCC) in amblyopic and fellow eyes of patients of varied ages. Twenty patients (10 patients with Anisometropic amblyopic and10 patients with Strabismic amblyopic) with unilateral amblyopia, underwent SD- OCT examination for both amblyopic and follow eyes. The study showed there was no significant different in RNFL between amblyopic and fellow eyes in two groups of anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia. Regarding GCC thickness, there was a statistically significant difference between Amblyopic eyes and fellow eyes within the Strabismic group of patients regarding means of Superior GCC thickness measurements. Also, There was a statistically significant difference between Amblyopic eyes and fellow eyes within the Anisometropic group of patients regarding means of Inferior GCC thickness measurements. There were no statistically significant differences between the Amblyopic eyes of two groups of patients regarding means of RNFL and GCC thickness. For fellow eyes between the two groups, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients regarding means of Average RNFL thickness in fellow eyes and means of Inferior RNFL thickness in fellow eyes. There is a Statistically Significant moderate positive correlation between BCVA of Amblyopic eye and GCC thickness measurements within the Anisometropic groups of patients.

[Mohamed Khedr Mohamed, Ahmad EL Sayed Hodieb, Hussam Mohamed Kamel Ahmed. Evaluation of Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness & Ganglion Cell Complex in Amblyopia. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):56-64]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.09.

Keywords: Evaluation; Nerve; Fiber; Layer; Thickness; Ganglion; Cell; Complex; Amblyopia

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The Value of Measurement of the Antimullerian Hormone in Prediction of the Success of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Prof. Asem Anwar Moussa, Prof. Mohamed Ali Mohamed and Bassem Sobhy Abdel Ghaffar

Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Egypt

bassemsobhey09@yahoo.com

Abstract: AMH has been a promising marker in various clinical setting of ART. Initially viewed as an accurate marker of ovarian reserve, AMH was subsequently found to be a reliable predictor of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for both poor and hyper responses. The value of the AMH level in the prediction of pregnancy has been investigated in various studies, but the results have been inconsistent. A number of studies have demonstrated associations between the AMH level and oocyte quality, fertilization rate, blastocyst development, embryo quality, pregnancy outcome, and live birth rate but were not confirmed in other studies. This study was a Prospective study of 90 infertile women that assess serum Anti-Mullerian hormone as an ovarian reserve marker in prediction of success of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) as regard clinical pregnancy the study population was consisted of three groups of participants according to age Group I with 30 cases below 30 years Group II with 30 cases between 30-40 years Group III with 30 cases above 40 years. Results: There is a statistically significant relation between serum AMH level and pregnancy in the age group of 30 yrs to 40 yrs. (group II). (1) The mean of AMH in the age group between 30yrs and 40 yrs. (group II|) is 2.52 ± 0.9 in patients with positive clinical pregnancy while those with negative clinical pregnancy is 1.66 ± 0.48 so it is highly significant in this age group. (2) In group 2 the best cut off point according to ROC curve to detect patients with positive clinical pregnancy regarding AMH level was found > 2.1 with sensitivity of 71.4%, specificity of 82.6% and AUC of 82.9%.

[Asem Anwar Moussa, Mohamed Ali Mohamed and Bassem Sobhy Abdel Ghaffar. The Value of Measurement of the Antimullerian Hormone in Prediction of the Success of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):65-76]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.10.

Keywords: Value; Measurement; Antimullerian; Hormone; Prediction; Success; Intracytoplasmic; Sperm; Injection

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Pregnancy Outcomes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Using Different Modules of Ovulation Induction

Prof. Nashwa Moustafa El Shenawy¹, Prof. Serag El Din Mansour Mahmoud², Dr. Hanaa Fathy Abou Ria¹, Dr. Mohamed Atef Behery², Dr. Fayza Ahmed Abd Al-Hakam¹ and Adel Abd El Fatah Al Abd¹

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

²Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research Assisted Reproduction Unit-Al Azhar University, Egypt

ameraelsaed73@gmail.com

Abstract: Polycystic ovary disease is a common endocrine problem related to puberty and menopause. The prevalence of polycystic ovary disease in community based on clinical, endocrinilogical and radiological data was found to be 21-22%. The syndrome is seen in the second and third decade of life. The great majority of polycystic ovary disease patients were first seen between ages of 20 and 30 years, presumably due to the gradual appearance of the clinical manifestation of the polycystic ovary disease in the postpubertal reproductive year This study included 90 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS was diagnosed by (Rotterdam Consensus, 2004), aged between 2 and 3 years. All women were overweight, i.e. BMI Kg/m2, with History of failure of medical induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate i.e Clomiphene citrate resistance). We compared DAY 3 serum level of (FSH, LH, FSH/LH, E2, PRL and TSH ), also ovarian volume and pre antral and small antral follicle count (done by vaginal ultrasound). Medical induction of ovulation is main line of infertility disorder pattern which is usually associate women suffering from poly cystic ovary. Clomiphene citrate (clomid) is the first drug in arsenal medication of pco but 20-25% of patients shows cc resistance, solving of that resistance open the door widely for gonadotrophin aand and aromatase inhibitors treatment for clomiphene resistant women with polycystic ovarian disease. Medical ttt of pco has great role in solving infertility pattern associate pco also has many side effects, ohss is most serious issue as regard side effects. Proper hormonal assay and accurate monitoring of induction proper adjust of suitable doses and proper choice of drugs play a great role in treatment. Must mention that obesity (BMI) also insulin resistance has role in detection of protocol and duration of ttt protocol of ttt and dosage and duration and route of administration play also in cumulative pregnancy rate. The aim of our study to compare efficacy of three different protocols of medical induction in pco patients showing clomiphene citrate resistance. All protocols show results as regard pregnancy rate, ovulation rate and monofollicular and endometrial thickness. These results were similar with no significant difference between the three protocols. We must note that suitable protocol is based on many point duration of infertility also route of administration, financial state of each patient and finally patient capability to continue more than one cycle of induction. Fixed paramters used lead to similar results even with different protocols. Good preparations, proper investigations and definite protocol and close monitoring and continuity lead to acceptable results.

[Nashwa Moustafa El Shenawy, Serag El Din Mansour Mahmoud, Dr. Hanaa Fathy Abou Ria, Dr. Mohamed Atef Behery, Fayza Ahmed Abd Al-Hakam and Adel Abd El Fatah Al Abd. Pregnancy Outcomes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Using Different Modules of Ovulation Induction. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):77-87]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.11.

Keywords: Pregnancy; Outcome; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Module; Ovulation Induction

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Assessment of the potential for disease development of colletotrichum spp. in different species of citrus fruits.

Muhammad Hadi Abbas^1*, Hafiza Hadiqa Anum¹, Muhammad Ali Ahsen¹, Muhammad Nabeel saleem², Sami Mohsin¹, Sadam Hussain³, Muhammad Umar¹, Fariz Tafheem³

¹Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author’s email: hadishah120@gmail.com

Abstract: Citrus is widely grown and most important fruit all over the world and Pakistan. At current, Pakistan stands among the top 11 citrus producing countries of the world. The industry of citrus is one of the major fruit industries all over the world; hence knowledge about pathogens associated with citrus crop is very essential. A lot of factors are responsible for its low production in the country including various pre and post-harvest diseases, citrus wither-tip and citrus anthracnose is one of them. The research was conducted for molecular diversity analysis of Colletotrichum spp. and the assessment of the potential for disease development of Colletotrichum spp. in different species of citrus fruits. For this purpose first of all, survey was done at three different places UAF, AARI and Khanuwana for collection of diseased samples. Disease incidence was recorded at Khanuwana (75%), AARI (60%) and UAF (50%). The infected citrus trees showed the branches and twigs appear to be scorched by fire. Drying of twigs occur from top to down word. Dry twigs are ash colored, while affected fruit show tear stain symptoms. Pathogenicity test was done on four different varieties of citrus (Kinnow, Musami, Shakri and Red Blood) to confirm Koch’s postulates. Percent diseases index (PDI) was measured for the assessment of diseases development of Colletotrichum spp. After data recording Musami was found with maximum PDI while Kinnow was observed with least PDI. Morphological studies of the fungus were done on artificial PDA medium to study its salient features. Initially colony growth was found whitish to light gray in color as the culture becomes aged it turns into dark gray in color. Spores of C. gloeosporioides were observed typically elongated, hyaline, one celled with obtuse ends and non septate ovoid to oblong, 10-15µm in length and 5-7 µm in width. Conidiophores were erect, simple, and elongated. For molecular diversity analysis, genomic DNA isolation was done by following modified CTAB method. Seven different isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were isolated and their confirmation was done through gel-electrophoresis. RFLP was carried out to check the genetic diversity amongst different isolates of Colletotrichum spp. The RFLP results revealed that same type of Colletotrichum spp. is prevailing in citrus orchards of district Faisalabad.

[Muhammad Hadi Abbas, Hafiza Hadiqa Anum, Muhammad Ali Ahsen, Muhammad Nabeel saleem, Sami Mohsin, Sadam Hussain, Muhammad Umar, Fariz Tafheem. Assessment of the potential for disease development of colletotrichum spp. in different species of citrus fruits. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):88-95]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.12.

Keywords: Citrus, disease, RFLP, Colletotrichum spp. RFLP

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Maternal Serum Insulin and Gestational Diabetes

Prof. Ahmed Amin Fetouh¹ Dr. Fayza Ahmed Abd Al-Hakam², Dr. Rayyh Abdel-Azim Mohammed Saleh³ and Eman Sha'ban Mohammed⁴

¹Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³Lecturer of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Spescialist of Obstetrics and Gynecology Railway Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

drfaizafouad@icloud.com

Abstract: Background: Resistance to insulin hormone is considered as normal changes in the metabolic processes throughout pregnancy, which keep enough levels of glucose for the metabolic requirements of the hastily developing fetus. The placenta carrying an important function during gestational period for regualting metabolic processess by secreting human placenta lactogen (HPL), cortisol and other hormones. The action of HPL and some secretions from placenta as diabetogenic materials are normally controlled by augmented the pancreas to release the insulin in the blood. Nevertheless, in about 5% of all gestational cases the mentioned mode of action are failed, leading to induction of diabetes during pregnancy. Therefore, the target from this work was to investigate the levels of maternal serum insulin along gestational period in normal and in diabetic mellitus women. Patients and methods: This study is a prospective case-controlled study that was conducted in Al-Zahra´a University Hospital in the period from October 2011 to June 2013 in order to examine the changes in maternal serum insulin during pregnancy from 26 – 28 weeks to 36 – 38 weeks. Results: A highly statistically significant difference between the two groups as regard Fasting insulin, the homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Discusion; The current study showed that there was a highly significant variation (p < 0.001) within the two groups as regard Fasting insulin at 26-28 weeks gestation and a statistically significant difference (p - value = 0.002) at 36-38 weeks gestation. Summary and conclusions; the present work indicated that there was a highly significant variation between the two groups as regard (HOMA-IR) at 26-28 weeks GA (p - value = 0.003) and at 36-38 weeks GA (p - value = 0.001). we recommened the measurment of (HOMA-IR) as an early inducator of gestational diabetes.

[Ahmed Amin Fetouh, Fayza Ahmed Abd Al-Hakam, Rayyh Abdel-Azim Mohammed Saleh and Eman Sha'ban Mohammed. Maternal Serum Insulin and Gestational Diabetes] Nat Sci 2019;17(1):96-100]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.13.

Keywords: insulin resistance; Fasting insulin; gestational diabetes

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Duplex Guided Catheter Directed Foam Sclerotherapy versus Surgery in Primary Varicose Veins

Maisa A. Abdel Wahab, Atef Abd El-Galil Allam, Yahia Kamal Sadiq, and Mohamed M Hamed

Vascular, Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, Egypt

hamed818181@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Varicose veins are a very common problem all over the world. Surgery has been the gold standard treatment for many years, however now other less invasive options are available, we aim in this study to compare ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) with surgery in management of primary varicose veins. Methods: 40 lower limbs of 40 patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence were prospectively randomized to undergo either surgical treatment or foam sclerotherapy. Clinical, etiological, anatomical and pathophysiological (CEAP) Classification and the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) were completed and investigated with a follow-up period of 1 year. Results: Total occlusion of great saphenous vein (GSV) was 88% in foam group & 100% in the surgery group, recurrence rate in the foam group was 6% as well as in surgery group. Patient satisfaction at 1 year was 94% in foam group while in surgery group it was 90%. There were no statistical significant differences in follow up regarding VCSS, recurrence, patient satisfaction between both groups at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year (p value>0.001). Conclusion: Surgical treatment and UGFS achieved elevated rates of total occlusion of GSV incompetence with no significant difference. Both treatments led to significant improvements in VCSS, demonstrating improvements in clinical outcomes. UGFS is a valid noninvasive modality in management of great saphenous vein incompetence and is comparable to surgery.

[Maisa A. Abdel Wahab, Atef Abd El-Galil Allam, Yahia Kamal Sadiq, and Mohamed M Hamed. Duplex Guided Catheter Directed Foam Sclerotherapy versus Surgery in Primary Varicose Veins. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):101-104]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.14.

Keywords: Ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy; Varicose veins surgery; VCSS; CEAP

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Role of Anterior Cervical Plating in Management of Two and Three Levels Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Cage

Prof, Dr. Ali Khodair Ali, Prof, Dr. Magdy Asaad EL-Hawary, DR. Mohamed Mahmoud El-Fiky,

Neurosurgery Surgery, Faculty of Medicine – Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

drmohamedfiky@gmail.com

Abstract: Anterior cervical discectomy has gained immense popularity since its introduction in the 1950s by Smith and Robinson as well as Cloward. Today the technique has become a mainstay in the treatment of degenerative cervical spondylosis, intervertebral disc herniation, radieulopathy, and spinal instability. High rates of pseudarthrosis and high rates of kyphotic deformity in multilevel anterior cervical procedures created a need for an anterior internal cervical fixation device. The development of the first anterior plate and screw system by Bohler in 1964s set into motion an evolution of anterior cervical plate designs in an effort to provide optimum anterior internal fixation for the cervical spine. Our study included 46 patients radiologically and clinically documented cervical degenerative disc disease scheduled for surgery, 26 patients (group A) had 2 levels ACDF subdivided to 13 patients without plate and other 13 had plate, 20 patients (group B) had 3 levels ACDF subdivided to 10 patients without plate and other l0 had plate. Patients were discharged from hospital with rigid cervical collar for 6 weeks with patients without plate and 2 weeks with patients with plate and followed radiologically and clinically for 12 months.

[Ali Khodair Ali, Prof, Magdy Asaad EL-Hawary, Mohamed Mahmoud El-Fiky. Role of Anterior Cervical Plating in Management of Two and Three Levels Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Cage. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):105-112]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 15. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.15.

Keywords: Role of Anterior Cervical Plating in Management of Two and Three Levels Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Cage

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[Nat Sci 2019;17(1):113-115]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 16.

Withdrawn 

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The Effect of Toxoplasma IGG Antibodies on Folliculometry and Luteinizing Hormone Level in Unexplained Infertility

Samia M. Eid¹, Mahmoud S. Rady¹ and Mahmoud A. M. Abou El-enen²

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University Damietta, Egypt

²Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kafr-Saad Central Hospital, Egypt

Abdallahali123242@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite.1 It has a complex life cycle with asexual reproduction taking place in diverse tissues of mammals and birds (secondary hosts) and sexual reproduction taking place in digestive epithelium of cats (primary host). Primary infection of T. gondii in pregnant women can cause vertical transmission of the parasite and result in miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, malformations and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective: The present study was designed to correlate the effect of toxoplasma Ig G antibodies on folliculometry and LH level in seropositive versus sero-negative infertile women. Patients and Methods: The study is a cross section study that was done on 100 infertile females patients attending the infertility clinic at Al-Azhar University Hospital (New Damietta) from May 2016 to October 2017. Results: There were a statistical significant differences between positive and negative studied cases regarding toxoplasmosis IgG, follicular development on 9^th day, 11^th day and 14^th day and urinary LH level on 6^th, 9^th and 12^th level. There was negative correlation between positive toxoplasmosis and follicular growth with statistically significant difference and also negative correlation between positive toxoplasmosis and LH surge with statistically significant difference. There was positive correlation between LH surge and follicular growth with statistically significant difference.

[Samia M. Eid, Mahmoud S. Rady and Mahmoud A. M. Abou El-enen. The Effect of Toxoplasma IGG Antibodies on Folliculometry and Luteinizing Hormone Level in Unexplained Infertility. Nat Sci 2019;17(1):116-123]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 17. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170119.17.

Key words: Infertility, Toxoplasma gondii, LH

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