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Prevalence of Vitreous & Retinal Disorders among Sudanese Diabetic Patients: A B-Scan Ultrasonography study

Safaa Bashir¹, Mohamed Yousef^1,2, Mona Mohamed¹, Awadalla Wagealla³, Mahmoud S. Babiker⁴

¹College of Medical Radiological Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan

²Radiologic Sciences Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

3Al-Ghad International College of Applied Medical Science, Radiological Sciences Department, Abha, KSA

⁴Department of Diagnostic Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA

*Corresponding author: Safaa Bashir

Email: dr.safaabashir@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Retina and Vitreous abnormalities represent the most common eye disorders in the diabetic patients, they may associated with severe complications. Objective: The present study was planned to study the vitreous and retina pathologies in diabetic patients using B-Scan ultrasound (U/S). Methods: A total of 203 Sudanese diabetic patients with long diabetic disease duration (mean 16.28 ± 4.830) years were enrolled in a descriptive, analytical study. 55% (n = 112) were male and 45% (n = 91) were females. The mean age of the participants was 62.28 ± 8.041(range between 30-79 years -old). The study was conducted in a Sudanese ophthalmologic hospital in Khartoum, during the period from 2016 –2019. A Nidek (Echoscan US – 4000) - B-Scan ultrasonic unit with 10 MHZ transducer was used. A high frequency direct contact technique was applied. The inclusion criteria included adult diabetic patients. Results: The vitreous and retina disorders were more prevalent in diabetic hypertensive participants 55 % (n = 112). The high frequency of the disorders was observed in age groups (60–69) and (50–59) years-old. The most common disorder was retinal detachment which was detected in 30.5% (n = 62) followed by vitreous changes in16.3% (n = 33). Posterior vitreous was observed in 15.8% (n = 32), vitreous hemorrhage seen in 15.3% (n = 31), both retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage were detected in 11.3%) (n = 23), retinal detachment with cataract were reported in 3.4% (n = 7), retinal detachment with Vitreous changes were seen in 3% (n = 6), and other changes were noted in 4.4% (n = 9) of the participants. There is no significant a statistical association between gender /diabetic duration nor age with the disorders (P = 0.2, 0.43, and 0.5) respectively. Conclusion: The Vitreous & Retinal disorders were more prevalent in diabetic hypertensive patients. The high frequency of the disorders was observed in the age group (50–70). The U/S is useful method in diagnosing Vitreous & Retinal disorders among the diabetics.

[Bashir S, Yousef M, Mohamed M, Wagealla A, Babiker MS. Prevalence of Vitreous & Retinal Disorders among Sudanese Diabetic Patients: A B-Scan Ultrasonography study. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):1-9]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.01.

Keywords: Retina, Vitreous, B-scan ultrasonography, Diabetic, Sudanese Patients

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Comparative Study on Lungworm Infection in Clinically Diagnosed Respiratory Signs and Apparently Healthy Sheep and Cattle in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia

Asrat Arke Ashango¹ and Temesgen Tadesse Yitayih², Tibebu Markos Moges³

^1. Bonga Agricultural Research Center, Bonga, Ethiopia

asretarke@ymail.com

^2. National Disaster Risk Management Commission, Ethiopia

^3. Debre Birhan, Ethiopia

Abstract: Cross sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 in Oromia regional state, Tiyo district. The objective of the study was to estimate proportion of lungworm infection in sheep and cattle with respiratory clinical signs and apparently healthy ones, and identify the species of the respiratory helminthes circulating in the area and assess possible risk factors of lungworm infection in sheep and cattle in the study area. About 216 fecal samples (102 cattle and 114 sheep) were collected from different age groups, sex and husbandry system after categorizing animals into two groups (those with clinically diagnosed respiratory signs and apparently healthy). Individual samples were processed in the laboratory by using modified Baerman technique and larvae were identified according to recommended procedure. On overall, out of 216 animals examined, about 90(53)(46.27%) sheep and 37(34.3%) cattle) were found infected with lungworm. From these infected animals 29 cattle (50.88%) and 41 sheep (69.49%) were with respiratory clinical signs. Cattle and sheep with clinically diagnosed respiratory signs were having 3.2 and 5.26 times lungworm infection than apparently healthy ones, respectively. The species of lungworm involved in cattle in all positive animals was D. Viviparous. The proportions Ovine lungworm infection by D. filaria, M. capillaris, P.rufescens and mixed infection were found to be 43.9%, 14.0%, 5.3% and 14.0%, respectively. Age, body condition and management system showed statistically significant association with lungworm infection (p <0.05). Thus, lungworm infection is one of major causes of respiratory disease complex (RDC) in Tiyo district; requiring emphasis and further investigation to reduce its incidence and assess its impact on the economy.

[Asrat Arke Ashango and Temesgen Tadesse Yitayih, Tibebu Markos Moges. Comparative Study on Lungworm Infection in Clinically Diagnosed Respiratory Signs and Apparently Healthy Sheep and Cattle in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):10-18]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.02.

Key words: Lungworm, Risk factors, Tiyo

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Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Children

Mohamed A. Fareid

Botany and Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

* Present address: Basic Science Dept., Prep Year Deanship, University of Haʼil, Saudi Kingdom.

mohamedfareid73@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study aimed to assessment the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in both male and female children. Most of the study participants (46.35%) had light brown skin color, approximately one-third had dark brown skin color (27.03%) and few (9.87%) had black skin color. More than 50% of participants were of high economic level (54.93%), 32.61% were of intermediate and 12.44% were of low economic level. Statistically, there is a highly significant difference between skin colors and economic levels in all enrolled participants (p-value < 0.05). Our results showed a high frequency of Escherichia coli followed by Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis in female than in male. They recorded 93 (31.00), 81 (40.91); 76 (25.33), 58 (29.29); 58 (19.33), 40 (20.20), respectively. The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the frequency of isolated pathogen in both male and female children showed higher frequency of Escherichia coli between all enrolled children which have deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in compared to sufficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. It recorded 42 (51.85%), 11 (13.58%); 47 (50.54%), 14 (15.05%), respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient recorded a higher positive significant value (p-value ˂ 0.05). Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis recorded also a high frequency between deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin levels in both enrolled male and female children in compared to sufficient level. They recorded 31 (53.45), 7 (12.07), 41 (53.95%), 9 (11.84%) and 23 (57.50), 3 (7.50), 33 (56.90%), 5 (8.62%), respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the frequency of isolated pathogens recorded a higher positive significant value (p-value ˂ 0.05).

[Mohamed A. Fareid. Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Children. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):19-33]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.03.

Key words: Association, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Children

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Anterior skull base fractures: A Narrative Review

Ahmad Hasan AlTurkstani^1*, Rami Ibrahim Alamri², Sameer Mohammad Al Mohmodi³, Thuraya Ahmad Rumbo⁴, Mohammed Ahmed omar Almahmudi⁵, Mohammad abdulrahman hassan faiyadhah⁶, Hamad Nasser Alshareef⁷, Motaz Hussain Alsamli⁸

¹Registrar-Preventive Medicine and Public health, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

²Health and hospital administration, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

³Registrar- Public health- Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁴Registrar-Family Medicine, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁵Health and hospital administration, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁶General physician, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁷Nursing technician, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁸Nursing technician, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

*Email: dr.aht@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this review, we tried to explain the point of difficulty in managing anterior skull base fracture. We discussed the anatomy, radiographic evaluation and management clues for every type in limited lines. There is a huge area of variation in management protocols. However, anterior skull base fractures should be treated aggressively. Treatment strategies are based on extensive knowledge of anatomy and radiology as well as practicing in a multidisciplinary team.

[Ahmad Hasan AlTurkstani, Rami Ibrahim Alamri, Sameer Mohammad Al Mohmodi, Thuraya Ahmad Rumbo, Mohammed Ahmed omar Almahmudi, Mohammad abdulrahman hassan faiyadhah, Hamad Nasser Alshareef, Motaz Hussain Alsamli. Anterior skull base fractures: A Narrative Review. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):34-38]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.04.

Keywords: skull base fracture, frontal sinus fracture, ASBF

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The Role of Uterine and Subendometrial Arteries Doppler in Patients with Early Missed Abortion to Predict the Need for Surgical Evacuation, Prospective Observational Study

Ehab Fouad Ibrahim Abdoh¹, Prof. Khattab Abd-Elhalim Omar², Dr. Mahmoud Salah Rady², Dr. Elsayed Mohamed Abd El-Hamid Hassan³

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology Military Hospitals, Egypt

²Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Damietta), Egypt

³ Radio-diagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Damietta), Egypt

Corresponding author: Email: ehababdoh39@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: The need for dilation and curettage was greatly decreased by the pharmacological treatment of early pregnancy loss. Prognostic markers of good outcome, though, have not been established. Objectives: The present research was intended to study the efficacy of uterine artery and subendometrial vasculature Doppler studies to predict whether or not we need D & C if conservative management failed in patients with missed first trimester abortion. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 250 women with early pregnancy loss in the first trimester attended to the emergency department of the hospital from March 2018 to March 2020. These patients were enrolled in order to evaluate the efficacy of uterine artery and subendometrial vasculature Doppler studies to predict whether or not we need D & C if conservative management failed in patients with missed first trimester abortion. Results: There was a significant difference in the means of PI, RI and subendometrial vasculature between the 2 groups. In addition, the cut-off value for PI was 2.96 at 93% sensitivity and 54.3% specificity for predicting the need of D & C or spontaneous abortion. Conclusions: Uterine artery Doppler evaluation can predict the need for D & C due to incomplete miscarriage, after management of missed abortion using misoprostol.

[Ehab Fouad Ibrahim Abdoh, Khattab Abd-Elhalim Omar, Mahmoud Salah Rady, Elsayed Mohamed Abd El-Hamid Hassan. The Role of Uterine and Subendometrial Arteries Doppler in Patients with Early Missed Abortion to Predict the Need for Surgical Evacuation, Prospective Observational Study. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):39-46]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.05.

Keywords: Uterine, Subendometrial Arteries Doppler, Early Missed Abortion, misoprostol and Evacuation

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Chemical and Biological Studies on Pumpkin seeds Against Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Induced Testosterone in Rats

Ali Monahi Nazal Al Shammari

Faculty of Home Economics, the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait

Abstract: In recent years, pumpkin seeds have sparked much interest as a healthy natural sweetener. This study aims to assess the protective effect of pumpkin seeds with two doses (10% and 20%/kg/diet) in testosterone induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in male rats. Thirty rats, divided into five groups (n=6); one served as normal control group (-ve), (+ve), Harnal (3 g/kg/ diet), pumpkin seeds 10 & 20% groups, in order to induce benign prostatic hyperplasia rats were injected by testosterone (5 mg/kg b.w) daily. The results showed the presence of phenolic acids such as salycilic ellagic, pyrogallol, benzoic, hespertin, chlorogenic acid, caffeine acid, vanillin, coumarin and e-vanillic in pumpkin seeds. The results indicated that LH, FSH and total protein, MDA levels were increased in positive control. In addition, the level of prostate volume, prostate weight, prostate weight index and testosterone levels, decrease were reversed with pumpkin seeds groups at levels (20 & 10). An increase in of SOD and TCA activities in treatment with pumpkin seeds were observed in benign prostatic hyperplasia rats. The findings of this study suggest that treatment with pumpkin seeds ameliorates metabolic derangement by enhancing the antioxidant defense against testosterone -induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats, the antioxidant activities may be related to their phenolic compounds.

[Ali Monahi Nazal Al Shammari. Chemical and Biological Studies on Pumpkin seeds Against Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Induced Testosterone in Rats. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):47-53]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.06.

Key words: Antioxidant; Testosterone; Phytochemicals; Prostate gland, Harnal.

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Taxes on the financial stability of the subjects of tourist activities

Abdullayev Zafarbek Safibullayevich

Senior lecturer, researcher of Namangan state University, Namangan, Uzbekistan

zafarbek.abdullayev555@gmail.com

Abstract: One of the current, not yet solved problem is the problem of optimizing the tax burden, which is based on the analysis of the dependence of economic agents ' behavior to changes in the tax pressure and must take into account the possibility of opportunistic action on their part, the solution of which will allow to improve the revenue side of the budget. The tax burden for a particular entity is defined as the share of taxes in sales revenue. The main difficulties in assessing the level of tax burden on the enterprise due to the heterogeneity of taxes and the level of their impact on the economy. First, the tax burden on taxes paid at cost must be measured by the specific weight of these taxes as part of cost. Secondly, taxes paid at the expense of the financial results of the company's activities should be compared with the profit from sales of the main activity.

[Abdullayev Z.S. Taxes on the financial stability of the subjects of tourist activities. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):54-63]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.07.

Keywords: tax system, tourism industry, structure and development of tourism, value added tax, impact of taxes, the financial stability, the subjects of tourist activities.

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Effect Of Volume On Convergent Rays Disinfection Of Water

Ibiene Anthony Abiye, Ugbong Michael Anafe and Onuoha Nkeiruka Chioma

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Corresponding author’s email: abiye.ibiene@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: The effect of volume on convergent rays’ disinfection of water was studied using groundwater derived from wells in Choba and Aluu communities of Rivers State Nigeria. Bacteriological parameters such as total coliforms, faecal coliform, total culturable heterotrophic bacteria count were examined. Results showed that the total coliform population in the 4,10 and 15 L of water samples examined had a uniform baseline data of 3.3 log MPN index/100 ml but no growth was observed after exposure to converged rays for 8 hours. Treatment with convergent rays reduced the faecal coliform population from 1.7 to 1.8 Log CFU/ml in all the aliquots of water exposed. Their population was reduced to 1.0 for 4 L, 1.3 Log CFU/ml uniform count for 10 L and 15 L while 8-hour exposure showed no growth. The total culturable heterotrophic bacteria count (TCHBC) of the water also decreased with an increase in exposure time for all the aliquots the values recorded ranged from 1.2 to 1. 3 log CFU/ml. The physicochemical analysis showed that pH was in the range of 6.9 – 8.9 while the conductivity levels ranged from 8.0 to 11 (SCM). Turbidity was in the range of 8.0 - 14.2 (NTU), the temperature before exposure was in the range of 27 – 29 ^OC and increased to 44 to 53 ^OC after 8 hours of exposure. The data obtained after the treatment process confirmed the use of convergent rays for water disinfection.

[Ibiene Anthony Abiye, Ugbong Michael Anafe and Onuoha Nkeiruka Chioma. Effect Of Volume On Convergent Rays Disinfection Of Water. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):64-67]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.08.

Keywords: Volume, Disinfection, Water, Convergent Rays, Total culturable heterotrophic bacteria, Rivers State Nigeria

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Effects of preparation methods and storage on the quality and aflatoxin contamination of Plantain

Gbolagade S. Jonathan¹, Tobi P. Animasaun¹*, Michael D. Asemoloye1*, Glory I. Baysah² and Daniel A. Aina³

¹Mycology/Fungal Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

²Department of Biology, Adventist University of West Africa

³Departrment of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

M.D. Asemoloye (asemoloyemike@gmail.com; +2348064844977);

T.P. Animasaun (tobianims@gmail.com;+2348133006385)

Abstract: Plantain is widely cultivated in Nigeria and ranked among the top staple foods. It is commonly prepared in many forms in other to enhance its shelf-life and taste however, care must be taken while handling and storing this product due to fungal and aflatoxin contaminations. This study therefore investigated both the effects of preparation styles and storage on the quality of differently processed plantains in Nigeria. Samples of fresh healthy plantain samples were collected from two different states (Ogun and Oyo States, Nigeria), these samples were then prepared into common chips in Nigeria through different processing methods (such as drying, frying as well as roasting) and then stored for two and four weeks respectively. To assert the effect of preparation style and storage on the samples, both the fresh and stored plantains were analyzed for proximate (carbohydrate, crude protein, fibre, ash and moisture), fungal and aflatoxin (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂ respectively) compositions. Result showed that the samples generally had higher carbohydrate and protein as compared to fat and ash contents, it was also observed that the fresh samples had better nutrient compositions and less in fungal/aflatoxin compositions as compared to the stored samples. The highest crude protein content was found in fresh plantain samples obtained from Ogun State (1.34±0.01) and was significantly different from that of four weeks stored plantain (1.15±0.00). Also aflatoxin content was found to be much lower in fresh sample but increased with the duration of storage; aflatoxin AFB₁contentfor example was recorded least in Ogun fresh plantain samples and highest in Ogun roasted stored plantain (0.0100±0.000).

[Jonathan SG, Animasaun TP, Asemoloye M.D, Baysah GI, Aina DA. Effects of preparation methods and storage on the quality and aflatoxin contamination of Plantain. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):68-77]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.09.

Keywords: Plantain, Chips, Shelf-life, Preparation style, Storage

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Computational Study on Selected Compounds in Garcinia Kola Seed as Potential Coronavirus Main Protease Inhibitors

Oyebamiji Abel Kolawole^1,7*, Tolufashe Gideon Femi², Oladipo Elijah Kolawole³, Oyawoye Olubukola Monisola³, Oyedepo Temitope A⁴, Adeleke Babatunde Benjamin⁵, Akintelu Sunday Adewale⁶, And Semire Banjo⁷

¹Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.

² Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.

³Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular of Biology, Immunology and Bioinformatics, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Biochemistry, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.

⁵Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

⁶School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.

⁷Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.

*Email: abeloyebamiji@gmail.com

Abstract: The havoc caused by coronavirus among the old and young ones has become a serious challenge to scientists globally. The yearning by researchers to find a lasting and proficient cure to this dangerous death-causing virus remains ongoing. Thus, four selected compounds from garcinia kola seed were optimized using density functional theory and further subjected to molecular docking as well as molecular dynamics simulation studies to observe their biological interaction with coronavirus main protease. It was observed that all the studied compounds were active inhibitors against coronavirus main protease and performed better than the proposed standard drug (chloroquine) so far in terms of the binding energies obtained. Furthermore, compound 2 possesses a better tendency to inhibit than the standard tested and other studied compounds. It can be proposed that tested compound 2 serves as a good candidate for the design of inhibitors targeting coronavirus protease.

 [Oyebamiji Abel Kolawole, Tolufashe Gideon Femi, Oladipo Elijah Kolawole, Oyawoye Olubukola Monisola, Oyedepo Temitope A, Adeleke Babatunde Benjamin, Akintelu Sunday Adewale, And Semire Banjo. Computaional Study on Selected Compounds in Garcinia Kola Seed as Potential Coronavirus Main Protease Inhibitors. Nat Sci 2020;18(8):78-85]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180920.10.

Keywords: Garcinia Kola Seed, Coronavirus, protease, Density functional theory, Docking, Molecular dynamics simulation.

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