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Studies on cutting dates and sowing distances on silage yield of interspecific hybrid of teosinte

EL-Gaafarey, T. G.; Badawy, A. S. M., Safwat Hussein Hatab and Diaa A.M.

Forage Crops Res. Sec. Field Crops Res. Inst., A. R. C. Giza, Egypt

tamerelgafarey@gmail.com

Abstract: This study was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, ARC, Egypt, in 2019 through 2020. The main objectives of the present study to, 1) Estimate cutting date and plant distance for hybrid teosinte, 2) Determine the traits plant height, number of stems plant-1, stem diameter, number of ears plant-1, fresh yield, dry yield and 3) Studied protein and fiber content for high production of fresh fodder or silage yields. Using the split plot design with four replications the main plot was sowing distances (25, 30 and 35 cm) and sub plot was cutting date of silage (100,110 and 120 days). One of the limitations of efficient livestock production in Egypt is the lack of adequate amount of high quality forage in summer. So great effort has been made to increase forage yield quality and quantity per unit area. Sowing distances had highest significant increase in fresh forage yield (kg/ plot), dry forage yield (kg/ plot), plant height(cm.)  and stem diameter (cm), in first, second summer seasons and combined analysis as compared with the other method of plant distance, which gave the highest value when sowing distances 35cm. Means of combined analysis recorded 184.1 kg/ plot, 54.47 kg/ plot, 476.9 cm and 2.73 cm for fresh forage yield (kg/ plot), dry forage yield (kg/ plot), plant height(cm.)  and stem diameter (cm), respectively. This increase in growth characters could be due to that sowing distances in 35 cm between hills was more favor to plant growth which affected by competition among plants for nutrients, moisture, sunlight and other growth sources. Increasing cutting date from 100 days to 120 days caused significant gradually increasing in plant height, stem diameter and number of stems /plant in summer seasons 2019 and 2020 and combined analysis. Therefore, 120 days gave the highest values of above mention characters which recorded 172.6 kg/ plot, 51.16 kg/ plot, 467.1 cm and 2.38 cm for fresh forage yield (kg/ plot), dry forage yield (kg/ plot), plant height(cm.) and stem diameter (cm), respectively for the mean of the combined analysis. On the other hand, results showed that increasing cutting date from 100 to 120 days caused significantly increased in No. of stem/plant 2.94 and No. of ears/plant 109.67 for combined analysis. Meanwhile, increasing cutting date from 100 to 120 days caused decreased in fresh leaf stem /percent 31.88% and dry leaf stem /percent 40.13% for combined analysis. Over all means CP, and CF were highly significant for sowing distances and cutting date. Data revealed that 3rd distance (35 cm) had highest mean value for crude protein in first, second and combined data which had 11.02 ,11.33 and 11.17%, respectively. Also, the highest mean for crude fiber was 3rd plant distance (35cm) with 3rd cutting date (120days) which had 36.28% for combined analysis. In conclusion, sowing distances (35cm) with cutting date (120 days) had the best mean value for fresh and dry yield. we recommended make more studies on hybrid maize teosinte reduced for Egyptian feed gap.

[EL-Gaafarey, T. G.; Badawy, A. S. M., Safwat Hussein Hatab and Diaa A.M Studies on cutting dates and sowing distances on silage yield of interspecific hybrid of teosinte. Nat Sci 2023;21(9):1-12]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.01.

Keywords: hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) x Teosinte (Zea Mexicana), Maizente, sowing distances, Cutting date, Silage quality

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STUDY OF AGRO-INDUSTRY CLUSTERS IN FOREIGN STUDIES

Lutfullo Ibragimov

Samarkand state university

ibragimovlutfullo@gmail.com

Shodiyor Boboyev

Samarkand state university

sh.x.boboyev@gmail.com

Abstract: Studying the theoretical and practical knowledge of foreign researchers in the organization of agro-industry clusters is very important in the development of the field. The article describes the important scientific results of cluster activities carried out by researchers working in different countries. Various models proposed by scientists for the purpose of developing the economy of the cluster in the organization of agro-industry clusters were analyzed. A summary of each country’s cluster approach, functions, key levers, advantages and disadvantages are presented.

[Lutfullo Ibragimov. Shodiyor Boboyev. STUDY OF AGRO-INDUSTRY CLUSTERS IN FOREIGN STUDIES. Nat Sci 2023;21(9):13-18]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 02. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.02.

Keywords: cluster, agro-industry clusters, cluster approach, innovation activity, cluster policy

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Chemical composition and medicinal values of camel milk

Corresponding Author: Jilo Kula

Email:kula.jilo1@gmail.com

Phone: +251916323883

Country: Ethiopia

City/state: Jimma

Affliation: Jimma University, School of Veterinary     Medicine.[1]

ABSTRACT: Out of 25.89 million camel populations on the world 89% are one-humped camels and the remaining 11% are the two-humped. More than 60% of the dromedary camel population is concentrated in the arid areas of North East African countries. Ethiopia ranks third by the number of camel population and second by camel milk production from the globeCamel milk, white gold of the desert is more similar to human milk. Camel milk differs from other ruminant milk as it chemical composition is low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals, high vitamin C and higher protective proteins like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins and lysozyme, lacks of β-lactoglobulin milk is unique in terms of antioxidative factors, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti arthritis, treatment for paratuberculosis, preventies aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases and has cosmetic values. Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving long-term glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel milk reduces autism symptoms in children. Lactoferrin has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Camel milk is rich in magnesium and zinc thus endowed antiulcer properties.  Camel milk has high α-hydroxyl acids which are known to plump and smoothies the skin and also used to treat skin disorders such as dermatitis, Acne, Psoriasis and Eczema. Although camel milk has such values, it’s less appreciated thus its consumption is restricted to pastoral area so further studies should be conducted on the chemical composition and medicinal value of camel milk.

[Jilo Kula. Chemical composition and medicinal values of  camel milk.Nat Sci 2023;21(9):19-30]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 03. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.03.

Key words: camel milk, chemical composition, medicinal value

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Computational studies on the α- and β- Elimination Pathways for the Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of Allyl Formates

Adejoro Isaiah Ajibade,  Adeboye Omolara Olubunmi

Chemistry Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract: The study of α- and β-elimination pathways for the kinetics and thermodynamics of the gas-phase pyrolysis of  allyl formate was carried out in the gas-phase using Density Functional Theory (DFT with B3LYP at 6-311++G (2DF, 2P). The two pathways proceeded through a six-centered cyclic transition state. The result obtained for the [C_α-O, (43-46%) C_α-H₁₁ and C_β-H₅ (9-10%)] bond lengthening character in a single step suggested that the reaction is concerted and asynchronous. The energy of formation for the α-elimination pathway that is elimination initiated from the formyl moiety to give propene and carbon (IV) oxide  is lower compare with the β-elimination pathway, elimination initiated from the allyl moiety to give propan-1, 2-diene and formic acid. The activation parameters [E_a=178.59kJ/mol, log A=10.10 s^-1 ∆H^*=172.79 kJ/mol ∆S^*=8.16 J/mol.K and ∆G^*= 167.20kJ/mol] obtained for the α-elimination pathway are in good agreement with the experimental value than the values obtained for the β-elimination pathway.

[Adejoro Isaiah Ajibade,  Adeboye Omolara Olubunmi. Computational studies on the α- and β- Elimination Pathways for the Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of Allyl Formates. Nat Sci 2023;21(9):31-44]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature.    04. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.04.

Keywords: Allyl formates, pyrolysis, pathways, Elimination, DFT calculations

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Between Soil Quality Index and Soil Mapping Units

^*Obi, C.I., Onweremadu E.U and Uzoho, B.U

^*Department of Soil Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. +2348032687760. innocentck@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Application of the soil quality index in soil maps would be a good idea to quickly guide management decisions. Soil quality index was deduced for each of six mapping units of three locations in three southeastern Nigerian soils namely Imo, Abia and Akwa Ibom States. Rigid grid soil survey technique was used to cut traverses abound the three states that fell on a straight transect. A profile pit was dug in each of the grids, described and sampled according to the guidelines of FAO (2006). Soil samples were prepared in the laboratory and analysis was carried out for 12 minimum data set of parameters that made up the indicators for a quality index. Soil quality index was calculated by a simple mathematical formular using the scoring functions according to a procedure by Obi et al. (2016). Soil mapping units were delineated based on differences in the soil quality index which emanated from the soil quality indicator differences. Results showed that geomorphology of the areas that were designated soil mapping unit A had gently sloping landform of 2 to 4 % slopes with slight sheet erosion, soil mapping unit B had strongly sloping landscapes of 4 to 8 % slopes with severe sheet erosion and gullies while soil mapping unit C were on a flat valley bottom with alluvial or coastal deposits with slopes ranging from 2 to 6 % having moderate sheet erosion and gullies. Most of the soil profiles were deep (≥ 140 cm) and well drained. Soils that fell under mapping units A, B and C had; high (SQI = 0.76), intermediate (SQI ≥ 0.51 ≤ 0.61) and a low (SQI ≥ 0.40 ≤ 0.43) quality index respectively. Classification based model in digital soil mapping where soil quality index will be used as the predictor variable would give an immediate understanding of the knowledge of soil or its environmental history.

[Obi, C.I., Onweremadu E.U and Uzoho, B.U. Between Soil Quality Index and Soil Mapping Units. Nat Sci 2023;21(9):45-50]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 05. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.05.

Keywords: Soil mapping units, minimum data set, soil quality index, scoring function

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Hematological Parameters of sheep:

An Aid in the Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal (GIT) and Respiratory Diseases

¹Kefyalew Chirkena, ²Sisay Getachew, ³Gashaw Beyene and ⁴Getachew Dinede

¹Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Veterinary Public Health Directorate, P.O. Box: 1084, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

²Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Livestock Identification and Traceability System, P.O. Box: 1084, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

^{3, 4} Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Epidemiology Directorate, P.O. Box: 1084, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract: The present hematological study was conducted on sheep to assess the hematological parameters of apparently normal and diseased sheep as a diagnostic tool for GIT and respiratory diseases. A total of 36 blood samples were collected from 12 apparently normal sheep (6 from each sex) and 24 diseased ones. In the latter case, 12 sheep with GIT diseases were sampled comprising 6 sheep from each sex. Likewise, 12 sheep with respiratory diseases were sampled constituting 6 sheep from each sex. The blood samples collected were subjected to laboratory analysis to determine ESR, Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and DLC.  Erythrocytic indices were calculated from the values of Hb, PCV and TEC. In apparently normal sheep, the mean values of Hb, PCV and TEC were significantly higher in males than females and it was observed statistically significant (P<0.05). In GIT infected sheep as compared to apparently normal ones, the mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC, MCHC and Lymphocyte in males were found to be decreased, where as ESR and TLC in females were significantly increased (P<0.05). The mean values of TLC and neutrophils in males with respiratory infections were significantly increased where as lymphocytes were decreased as compared to apparently normal ones. The values of ESR, TLC, eosinophils and monocytes were significantly higher (P<0.05) in diseased females than the apparently normal ones. In similar condition, the mean values of TLC and Neutrophils in diseased males were significantly increased (p<0.05), where as lymphocytes were decreased when compared with apparently normal males. 

[Kefyalew Chirkena, Sisay Getachew, Gashaw Beyene and Getachew Dinede. Hematological Parameters of sheep: An Aid in the Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal (GIT) and Respiratory Diseases. Nat Sci 2023;21(9):50-56]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature.   06. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.06.

Key words: GIT infections; Hematological parameters; normal conditions; Respiratory infections; Sheep

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Determination of Beta-lactamase Producing Bacteria and their Antibiogram for Urethral Catheterized Patients in Federal Medical Center (FMC), Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

^1&2Iwu, J. O. ²Chikere, C.B. and ²Otokunefor, T.V.

¹Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

²Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria

E-mail: justuso.iwu@gmail.com; Tel: +2348036633033

ABSTRACT: The increasing rate of catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and the resistance in empirical antibiotic therapy became a threat to mankind. This study was centered on isolating the common organisms responsible for this menace and their antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern. A total of 1000 urine specimens from 1000 patients on urethral catheter were used in the study. The specimens were cultured, biochemical tests were done including API and also antibiogram conducted. The organisms were cured of plasmid and re-subjected to antibiogram which revealed susceptibility to 98% of the isolated organisms. Delineation at 0.05level of significance did not show homogeneity among the different strains. There is high level of resistance to antibiotics by the organisms isolated and no single antibiotic used in the study was able to eliminate all the isolates identified. There was 100% resistance by all the organisms to Cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime (93%), cefuroxime (93%), gentamycin (67%), cefixime (99%) nitrofurantoin (89%), ciprofloxacin (77%), cotrimoxazole (100%), cloxacillin (100%), erythromycin (94%), streptomycin (94%), tetracycline (98%), chloramphenicle (83%), and augemetin (96%). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed insignificant difference between means for the various parameters examined at P ≤ 0.05. Betalactamase test conducted for the isolates showed 96% positive reaction confirming that quite a good majority of the isolates possess the enzyme beta-lactamase. The isolates were treated with acridine orange to eliminate the effect of plasmid and isolates re-subjected to antibiogram. Result shows almost 100% sensitive after plasmid curing. Resistance to antibiotics by the isolates are plasmid mediated. Therefore, we conclude that CAUTI organisms’ resistance to antibiotics are mostly engineered by plasmids. 

[Iwu, J. O. Chikere, C.B. and Otokunefor, T.V. Determination of Beta-lactamase Producing Bacteria and their Antibiogram for Urethral Catheterized Patients in Federal Medical Center (FMC), Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2023;21(9):58-72]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature.   07. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.07.

Key word: CAUTI, Catheter, Beta-lactamase, Bacteria, Antibiogram, Urethral Catheterized Patients

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Diversity  of  Algae  and  Cyanobacteria  Associated  with  Bathroom Wall  Biofilms  within  Diobu  Port Harcourt,  Nigeria

*F.I. Okoronkwo, C.B. Chikere and G.C. Okpokwasili

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author. Tel: +2348038664201, E-mail: greatadajesus2014@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Algal and Cyanobacterial growths on surfaces are responsible for their discolorations and degradations. Ten concrete, ten wooden and five tiled bathroom wall surfaces were sampled by scrapping the growths of these two organisms on them and compared using the morphological method. Cyanobacteria were found to predominate the wall surfaces with the genera Chroococcus ranking the top in the tile and concrete surfaces and Osillatoria, in the wooden surface. The wooden surface showed a predominance of the Chlorophytes with Chlorella occurring most times in the three surface types. The concrete and wooden surfaces showed equal number of Bacillariophyta taxa. The tiled wall surfaces were found to have the least number of taxa of all the genera, showing a reduced potential for support of microbial growth due to low porosity of its material type. This study had confirmed the diversity of cyanobacteria and algae on different bathroom wall surfaces and the influence of material surface types on their growth.

[F.I. Okoronkwo, C.B. Chikere and G.C. Okpokwasili. Diversity  of  Algae  and  Cyanobacteria  Associated  with  Bathroom Wall  Biofilms  within  Diobu  Port Harcourt,  Nigeria. Nat Sci 2023;21(9):73-78]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 08. doi:10.7537/marsnsj210923.08.

Keyword: Algae; Cyanobacteria; Bathroom wall surface; Biofilms; Surface material type

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