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Review on Epidemiology of Peste des Petits Ruminants

Tilahun Zenebe Alemu

Livestock research coordination, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

tilahun136@gmail.com

Abstract: Peste des petits ruminants is an acute, contagious, and highly fatal viral disease that affects different animal species which is caused by Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The genome contains six transcription units encoding in sequential order, the nucleocapsid (N) protein, the phospho (P) protein, the matrix (M) protein, the fusion (F) protein, the hemagglutinin (H) protein and the large (L) protein. The virus exists as a single serotype but the genetic level is divided into four distinct lineages (I-IV) based on the fusion (F) protein gene sequence. The disease occurs in Africa, in most of the Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, Europe and in parts of Asia including much of the Indian subcontinent. The disease is transmitted by the aerosol route during close contact between animals. The disease is characterized by high fever, ocular and nasal discharge, pneumonia and necrosis. Diagnosis can be made based on case history, geographical distribution, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions and laboratory confirmation by using various serological and molecular techniques. It has a significant economic impact on food security and livelihoods. There is no specific treatment for the disease. Control and prevention can be done through quarantine, movement control, cleaning and disinfection of infected premises and vaccination.

[Tilahun Zenebe Alemu. Review on Epidemiology of Peste des Petits Ruminants. Nat Sci 2023,23(1):1-5].  ISSN  1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167(online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj211123.01.

Keywords: Peste des petits ruminants; Morbillivirus; contagious; review; Epidemiology

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Benefits of Soft Soils on the Seismic Response of Tall Buildings Using Three-Dimensional Numerical Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis

Mohammed Naguib Abou El Saad, Mahmoud Al Sakkar ^* and Mohamed E. El Madawy

Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

*Correspondence: mah241280@yahoo.com

Abstract: International seismic codes based on previous studies state that softer soils show higher ground response than harder ones regardless of the effect of soils on the structure's new properties. Previous studies on most were divided into studies carried out by structural engineers focusing on the structure mainly and modeling the soil as springs or performed by geotechnical engineers focusing on the soil only and modeling the structure as a generalized SDOF or simple frame. Most of the previous studies used the Mohr-Coulomb soil model which is not appropriate as it misses a lot of main characteristics like stress and strain dependency. In the Current study, different earthquakes with different frequency contents and amplitudes were applied on high-rise buildings ranging from 20 to 80 floors, supported over piles or raft foundations inside different soils being modeled by Hardening soil with a small strain model which is appropriate for seismic behavior. Piles abruptly changes the response of towers such that the response of the 20-floor tower on a raft was the same as forty floors tower on piles. Soft soil enhances the dynamic properties of structures which decreases the effect of soft soil and in some cases, it controls.

[Mohammed Naguib Abou El Saad, Mahmoud Al Sakkar and Mohamed E. El Madawy .Benefits of Soft Soils on the Seismic Response of Tall Buildings Using Three-Dimensional Numerical Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis. Nat Sci 2023,21(12):6-20]. ISSN1545-0740(print); ISSN2375-7167(online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  02. doi:10.7537/marsnsj211223.02.

Keywords: Dynamic soil-structure Interaction (SSI); soil-structure Interaction for seismic design; Soil effect on Tall-building; Soil Nonlinear time history Analysis; Foundation effect on soil-structure Interaction

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Marriage processes in the geodemographic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Sabirova Muazzam Shukhratbek kizi

National University of Uzbekistan

Faculty of Geography and Geoinformation Systems

mua1993.10@mail.ru

Annotation. The sharp decline in the position of the family institution, which is of great concern to the world community, is an urgent problem of today. The increase in family divisions in the society, the increase in the number of dysfunctional families is causing suffering not only to Uzbekistan, but to the entire world society. Of course, this problem is becoming more relevant in Uzbekistan day by day.

[Sabirova Muazzam Shukhratbek kizi. Marriage processes in the geodemographic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Nat Sci 2023,21(12):21-29]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  03. doi:10.7537/marsnsj211223.03.

Keywords: marriage, family institution, general coefficient of marriage, geodemography, age of marriage, Correlation-Spearman coefficient

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Assessment of Human Perturbations in Iko River Estuary using Bonga Shad as a Bio-indicator Organism

George, I. E¹., Abiaobo, N. O.¹, Akpan, I. I.¹, George, U.U.²

¹Department of Zoology, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat Enin, Nigeria

²Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat Enin, Nigeria

 ubonggeorge@aksu.edu.ng

Abstract:

Background: Assessment of human perturbations in Iko River Estuary using Bonka shad as a Bio-indicator organism was conducted for one year between September, 2022 – August, 2023 with aim of understanding the levels of human perturbations going on within the estuary and the safety of consuming Bonka fish (Ethmalosa fimbrata) obtained from the Estuary.

Methodology: 10 samples of E. fimbrata were bought from landings of artisanal fisherfolks at Iko River Estuary on a monthly basis for a period of 12 months. Fish samples were thoroughly washed with the sea water, placed in a labeled cellophane bag and preserved in ice cooled box. Samples were later transported to the laboratory prior to laboratory analysis. In the laboratory standard analytical procedure were adhered to in the preparation of samples prior to heavy metal determination using Perkin-Elmer Analysts 800 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).

Results:           The concentration of heavy metals in tissue of E. fimbrata studied for (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb and Zn) did not show any significant variation exception of copper. However, throughout the study duration the values of iron and zinc were observed to be generally higher than all the studied metals which was attributed to their abundance in the earth crust. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationship between metal pairs in both season and hierarchical cluster dendrogram delineated the metals into cluster groups based on concentration gradient and source of contamination.  

Conclusion:    Based on the results of findings, the concentration of heavy metal in the tissue of the studied species fell within the WHO/FAO recommended threshold limit for safe consumption of aquatic seafood. However, the result also shows evidence of bioaccumulation if the trend persists unchecked. Therefore, constant monitoring of heavy metal levels in tissues of edible aquatic organisms to prevent health related issues to man as the final consumer of this seafood’s via transfer through the food chain is recommended.

[George, I., Abiaobo, N., Akpan, I. George, UU. Assessment of Human Perturbations in Iko River Estuary using Bonga Shad as a Bio-indicator Organism. Nat Sci 2023; 21(12):30-40]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 04. doi:10.7537/marsnsj211223.04.

Keywords: Human perturbations, Iko River Estuary, Ethmalosa fimbrata, Bio-indicator organisms

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The effect of underground dams on the management of water resources and water deficit supply

Mohamad karami

Department of Civil Engineering Water , Dehloran Branch , Islamic Azad University . Dehloran , Iran

Abstract: Given the fact that Iran is located on the arid belt of land, in any case surface and groundwater resources are not available, for this purpose the efficient use and management of water resources are needs and goals of development. In this regard, the use of old and new techniques and the use of scientific methods is needed, in arid regions and locations where despite, having a rainy season, have  dry season and low rainfall ,using underground dams can be supplied need of water of restricted areas and sparsely populated, through the alluvial of seasonal streams. The combination of this technology simple with aqueduct, for water shortages could offer a new way. In this study, we tried that the first definition of underground dams, underground dams' history, advantages and limitations, and application and construction purposes should be provided.

The rest of this paper is investigated characteristics of the construction and exploitation of underground water reserves Dam.  

[Mohamad karami. Effectiveness of agricultural extension services to crop farmers of Khartoum State, Sudan. [Jaffar MAB, Ali Q, Ali MZ, Anwar MW, Khan FA and Nasir IA. Genetic variability among different traits of Convolvulous arvensis. Nat Sci 2023;21(12):41-44]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online).  http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 05.doi:10.7537/marsnsj211223.05.

Keywords: surface water resources, water resources management, underground dams , exploitation

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Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and  Its Vector Density in Dale Wabera District, Kellem Wollega Zone,  Oromia Regional  State, Western Ethiopia

Desta Mengesha¹, Girma Kebede¹, Tilahun Zenebe², Zelalem Abera¹ ,Tadele Kabeta¹

                 ¹Wollega University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia

                ²National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P.O.Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia

Email- girmakebede27@yahoo.com             

ABSTRACT: Trypanosomosis is a widely spread protozoan disease in domestic livestock that causes a significant negative impact on economic growth in many parts of the world particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Bovine trypanosomosis is one of the most prevalent and important disease in Ethiopia limiting livestock productivity and agricultural development. Therefore,  a cross sectional study was conducted in Dale Wabera district of Oromia Regional State from November 2015 to June 2016 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis and its vector density. Blood sample was collected in capillary tubes from 620 randomly selected animals through puncturing their ear vein by lancet. Buffy coat technique was used to determine prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area. From a total 620 examined blood sample, 44(7.1%) animals were found positive. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in female was 11 (4.6%) and in male 33 (8.6%) with a statistical significant difference of (P=0.020, X²=3.670, CI= 0.9736—3.698), similarly, the prevalence  in young animals were 7(3.95%), middle 29(9.63%), and adult 8(5.65%) without a statistical significant difference (P=0.107, X² =6.10, CI= 0.769—1.812). The prevalence  of the disease that was recorded in poor 29(61.39%), medium 10(3.61%) and good 5(6.67%) body condition score with statically significant variation (P=0.005, X² =10.766, CI = 0.732326—0.90477). However, the mean PCV value recorded between parasitaemic and aparasitemic animals were 19.51 and 27.78 respectively, with highly statically significant difference (P=0.000, X² =30.718, CI=0.316—0.2533). In this study the most frequently identified trypanosome species were T. congolense 32(72.72%) followed by T. vivax 8 (18.18%) and mixed infection (T. vivax and T. congolense) 4(9.09%). The entomological surveys were conducted using 60 traps, 12, 12, 36 ENGU, Biconical and Monopryamidal traps respectively on each PAs. AS a result, Glossina pallidipes, G. m. submorsitans, G. tachynoides and G. fuscipes fuscipes were the tsetse fly species identified in the study area along with other biting flies like Stomoxys and Tabanus. The mean apparent density of tsetse fly was higher (19.7) than biting fly (0.6) in the study area. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the livestock in study area was found still with the challenge of this disease. Therefore, emphasis should be given for the control and prevention of trypanosomosis infection and its vectors.

[Desta Mengesha, Girma Kebede, Tilahun Zenebe, Zelalem Abera ,Tadele Kabeta. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Vector Density In Dale Wabera District, Kellem Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional  State, Western Ethiopia.Nat Sci 2023;21(12):45-57]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online).  http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 06. doi:10.7537/marsnsj211223.06.

Keywords: Prevalence, Trypanosomosis, Buffy coat technique, Vectors, fly per trap per day, Bovine, Dale Wabera district, Ethiopia

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Haematological Parameters and Serum Biochemistry of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings Reared Under Three Different Culture Systems

¹George, U. U., ²Usoro, O. O., ¹Otoh, A. J., ³Nwaneri, J. E., ⁴Tyovenda, D. O.

¹Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. E-mail: ubonggeorge@aksu.edu.ng, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1773-5057

²Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. E-mail: appearance.concepts@yahoo.com.au, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3970-8383

³Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Email: johnsonnwaneri0@gmail.com, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5858-004X.

⁴Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Email: omegadoo2@gmail..com, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1586-808X.

E-mail – ubonggeorge@aksu.edu.ng

Abstract: This study investigated the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Clarias gariepinus from different culture systems (plastic tank, concrete tank and earthen pond), at the Joseph Sarwuan Tarka Fish Farm of the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Makurdi, Benue State. Haematological parameters such as red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocytes, neutrophil, monocytes and eosinophil and the serum biochemical parameters like protein, albumin, glucose, AST, cholesterol, sodium, potassium ,calcium, chloride and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined within the three culture system using standard procedures. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level was employ for comparisons of the various parameters in the different culture enclosure. Means were separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference (p>0.05) in Protein, AST, cholesterol, potassium, calcium, chloride, glucose and albumin from the three culture systems. C. gariepinus from concrete tank had the highest ALT value of 50.30, while earthen pond and plastic tank had the lowest values that are similar to each other (47.75 and 48.00). Nevertheless, C. gariepinus from earthen pond had the lowest sodium value of 88.35 while concrete and plastic tank had 100.35 and 100.35 respectively. This study thus, provides baseline information on the physiological status of C. gariepinus from different culture systems.

[George, U., Usoro, U., Otoh, A., Nwaneri, J., Tyovenda, DO. Haematological Parameters and Serum Biochemistry of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings Reared Under Three Different Culture Systems.  Nat Sci 2023;21(12):58-64]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online).  http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 07. doi:10.7537/marsnsj211223.07.

Keywords: Species richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest

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