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Assessment of Genetic diversity in populations of Parkia biglobosa in Derived and Guinea Savanna Zones of Nigeria using Nuclear Microsatellite markers (SSR)

^1*Usman, I. A ., ²Lawal, A., ²Onyekwelu, J.C. and ³James, G.O

¹Department of Forest Production and Products, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria

³Department of Biochemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria

²Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Corresponding email: aukwublie@yahoo.com

Abstract: Parkia biglobosa (African locust bean) is a valuable multipurpose tree species widely used by local communities across West Africa for food, medicine, and income generation. Despite its importance, its natural populations are declining due to overexploitation and poor regeneration, putting its genetic resources at risk.”This study assessed the genetic diversity of P. biglobosa in three populations (Benue, Kogi, and Nasarawa States), which were purposively selected based on the intensity of utilization and marketing of its products located in two savanna ecological zones (derived and guinea) of Nigeria, using nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) markers. Leaf samples were collected, and genomic DNA was extracted from silica gel-dried leaf tissue. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed using five nSSR primers (Parpan3, Parpan4, Parpan9, Parpan13, and Parpan15). The amplified DNA fragments were separated using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Fragment sizes were estimated using ladder – DNA sizing marker and analyzed with CERVUS 3.0.7 software. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.333, while expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.533 to 0.923 within populations.  Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values within populations ranged from 0.346 to 0.840, indicating that the markers were highly informative. Across populations and ecological zones, allelic richness ranged from 6.6 to 12.8, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.0000 to 0.0686 and 0.8339 to 0.9217, respectively. Despite high expectation, heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity was low, most likely due to the presence of null alleles and inbreeding arising from restricted gene flow within fragmented populations. The results show high genetic variation within and between populations, though not fully expressed at the phenotypic level. The SSR markers (Parpan 3, 9 and 13) used proved effective and are recommended for future genetic studies on P. biglobosa. However, broader sampling across the species range is needed for more comprehensive conclusions. This study highlights the need for urgent conservation and sustainable management strategies, including habitat protection and plantation development outside the natural range of the species.

[Usman, I. A ., Lawal, A., Onyekwelu, J.C. and James, G.O. Assessment of Genetic diversity in populations of Parkia biglobosa in Derived and Guinea Savanna Zones of Nigeria using Nuclear Microsatellite markers (SSR). Nat Sci 2026,24(1):1-11]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240126.01

Keywords: conservation; genetic diversity; management; Parkia biglobosa; PCR

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REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF EXTERNAL POPULATION MIGRATION IN UZBEKISTAN

Tojiyeva Zulkhumor Nazarovna, Khursanov Sadriddin Mumin ogli

National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek (Tashkent, Uzbekistan)

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0558-2517

E-mail:sxursanov53@gmail.com 

Abstract: This article studies and analyzes the migration process of the population and its territorial composition in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as presents ideas and comments on the theoretical foundations of studying the migration process. In particular, the formation of external migration of the population in Uzbekistan and its territorial composition are discussed. Also, this research work provides a brief description of the study of the migration process by foreign and Uzbek scientists.

[Tojiyeva Zulkhumor Nazarovna, Khursanov Sadriddin Mumin ogli. REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF EXTERNAL POPULATION MIGRATION IN UZBEKISTAN. Nat Sci 2026,24(1):12-18]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 02. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240126.02

Keywords: migration; migrant; external migration; labor migrants; international migration; emigration; immigration; migration dynamics

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Comparative study of “Tuwo” made from maize, sorghum and rice

Sunmonu¹, B.A., Tajudeen¹, Z.O., Adeyanju², E.B., Oloso³, S.E., Salmon⁴, R.Y., & Akinsola³, A.O.

¹Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara state, Nigeria

²Department of Home Economics, Federal University of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria

³Department of Home Economics, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Home Economics, Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Corresponding author: akinsola.akinjide1333@fcesoyo.edu.ng

Abstract: Comparative study of tuwo made from maize, sorghum and rice were investigated. The samples were coded as sample TML (Maize tuwo), TSL (sorghum tuwo) and TRS (rice tuwo) and analyzed for nutritional, chemical and sensory attributes such as taste, texture and overall acceptability. Proximate composition shows that moisture content ranged from 11.34 - 15.67 %; protein 9.53 - 11.63 %; fat 2.34 - 2.59 %; fibre 1.53 - 1.65 %; ash 1.27 - 1.42 % and carbohydrate content from 69.43 - 71.57 %. Selected mineral content evaluated shows that calcium content ranged from 7.39 - 8.17 mg/100g; magnesium 4.05 - 4.66 mg/100g; potassium 6.14 - 6.79 mg/100g; manganese 4.57 - 5.01 mg/100; zinc 3.85 - 4.39 mg/100g and iron content from 2.64 - 2.94 mg/100g. Functional properties shows that bulk density ranged from 0.74-0.79 mg/100g; water asorption capacity 2.47 - 2.67 %; oil absorption capacity 2.67 - 2.95 %; emulsion capacity 4.88 - 4.99 %; emulsion stability 39.44 - 38.37 %; foam capacity 33.51 - 36.43 %; foaming stability 14.75 - 15.17 %; swelling capacity 2.84 - 2.89 %; swelling index 1.85 - 1.95 %; dispersibility 73.00 - 76.00 %; gelatinization temperature 64.00 - 70.00 ^oC while its starch content from 69.38 - 76.12 %. Pasting properties shows that peak viscosity ranged from 333.10 - 381.21 RVU; trough 138.01 - 187.21 RVU; breakdown 110.61 - 187.21 RVU; final viscosity 218.21 - 311.21 RVU; setback 143.61 - 172.51 RVU; peak time 5.25 - 5.30 min and pasting temperature from 83.66 - 84.51 ^oC. Sensory attributes mean scores shows that all the samples were acceptable by the panelist however; sample TSL (sorghum sample) was rated highest. The result obtained shows the nutritional and chemical properties of tuwo flour and its sensory acceptability can best be produced from sorghum because of it high nutritional content and overall acceptability by the panelist.

[Sunmonu, B.A., Tajudeen, Z.O., Adeyanju, E.B., Oloso, S.E., Salmon, R.Y., & Akinsola, A.O. Comparative study of “Tuwo” made from maize, sorghum and rice. Nat Sci 2026,24(1):19-30]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 03. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240126.03

Keywords: Gelatinization temperature; pasting property; minerals content; sensory attributes; starch content; tuwo

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Effect of a mixture of shrimp peel extract and shellfish of some types of oysters on male experimental rats with osteoporosis induced with dexamethasone

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ryeaan Abd EI Moneim Sayed Abd EL Rahem₁, Prof. Dr. Khaled Sabry Salama², Dr. Naglaa Fathy Mohamed Salem³, Eman Khaled Mohamed Hussein⁴

¹Associate Professor in Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Specific Education, Port Said University, Egypt

²Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Egypt

³Lecturer in Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Specific Education, Port Said University, Egypt

⁴Faculty of Specific Education, Port Said University, Egypt

Abstract: Aim of the study: This research aims to study the effect of a mixture of shrimp peel extract and shellfish of some types of oysters on male experimental rats with osteoporosis induced with dexamethasone as a nutritional supplement to maximize the role of the Blue Economy in promoting sustainable development. Methods Used: Shrimp peels extract (it is extracted by water and alcohol). Oyster extract (extracted by water and alcohol). Measures, Biological assessment: A biological experiment is being carried out on experimental rats (albino rats) to evaluate the effect of feeding a mixture of shrimp shell extract and shellfish of some types of oysters on patients with osteoporosis by experimental rats induced with dexamethasone. A number (25) of (albino rats) are used, distributed into five groups under test. Each group consists of five (5) rats; all rats were fed with the standard food for a week before the start of the experiment to get adapted. Both the positive control and experimental groups of rats have to be injected intramuscularly with DEX (7 mg / kg of body weight) once a week for 4 weeks. (Hassan, 2019). 1- The first group, the healthy (negative) control group, feed on the basic food; 2- The second group, the infected (positive) control group feed on the basic food; 3- The third experimental group (1) feed on the basic food + extract of 500 mg of oyster shells + extract of 500 mg of shrimp shells;  4- The fourth group; the experimental group (2),are fed on the basic food + extract of 1600 mg of oyster shells + extract of 1600 mg of shrimp shells; 5- The fifth group; the experimental group (3), are fed on the basic food + extract of 3000 mg of oyster shells + extract of 3000 mg of shrimp shells. Chemical analysis: Complete calcium analysis, Ionized calcium analysis, Vit D, Dexa rays. Statistical Analysis: The data are treated according to the SPSS program and the necessary statistical treatments, P=0.05. Conclusion: The results of this study about the effects of a mixture of shrimp peels extract and shellfish of some types of oysters on experimental rats with osteoporosis induced with dexamethasone revealed the following conclusions: 1- Dexamethasone administration induced significant decreased levels of T. Cal, I Cal and VIT D₃ in the serum of rats. 2- Shrimp peels and oyster shell injections led to increased T. Cal I Cal and VIT D₃ levels in different concentrations, Dex (4) reported the higher results might be due to Individual causes of rats or environmental causes. Recommendation: It is recommended that Bio-economic importance of shrimp and oyster shell due to the benefit of chitosan and chitin from the waste in agriculture and biotechnology industry, wastewater treatment, Energy conversion and biomedical material development.

[Ryeaan Abd EI Moneim Sayed Abd EL Rahem, Khaled Sabry Salama, Naglaa Fathy Mohamed Salem, Eman Khaled Mohamed Hussein. Effect of a mixture of shrimp peel extract and shellfish of some types of oysters on male experimental rats with osteoporosis induced with dexamethasone. Nat Sci 2026,24(1):31-41]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 04. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240126.04

Key words: Shrimp peel extract and oysters; rats; osteoporosis dexamethasone.

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New York State Is Ready to Implement Universal Basic Income: Necessity, Feasibility, and Policy Pathways

Ma Hongbao, PhD

Ma for New York 2026, Queens, New York, USA

Phone: 718-404-5362; Email: mafornewyork@gmail.com; Website: http://www.maforny.com

Abstract: New York State has reached a critical juncture at which longstanding social, economic, and governance challenges require systemic solutions rather than incremental adjustments. Persistent poverty, housing insecurity, public safety concerns, healthcare gaps, and institutional inefficiencies continue to coexist with one of the world’s largest subnational economies. This paper argues that Universal Basic Income (UBI) is no longer a theoretical or experimental concept but a practical and necessary policy instrument for New York State. Drawing on the state’s economic capacity, institutional maturity, and social urgency, this study demonstrates that the conditions required for implementing a universal income guarantee are already in place. The paper further proposes a policy design framework that integrates UBI with universal basic healthcare, emphasizes administrative simplicity and universality, and aligns income security with long-term economic productivity. The analysis concludes that the primary obstacle to UBI in New York is not fiscal feasibility but political and institutional inertia, and that immediate implementation would generate substantial social, economic, and governance benefits.

[Ma Hongbao. New York State Is Ready to Implement Universal Basic Income: Necessity, Feasibility, and Policy Pathways. Nat Sci 2026,24(1):42-45]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 05. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240126.05

Keywords: Universal Basic Income; Social Policy; Poverty Reduction; Public Finance; Healthcare; New York State; Governance Reform

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