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Behavioral and Biochemical Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Role of Naringin in Streptozotocin‑Induced Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats

Osama Mahmoud Mehanna^1,2, Ahmed Elaskary³, Basem H. Elesawy⁴, Mohamed Gaber Mohamed Hassan^1,2, Mohamed Ali Mahmoud Abbas¹, Mohamed Ramadan Elnady^1,2, Amal Mahmoud Hammad⁵, Nehal M Gabr⁶, Ahmed I. Sharahili⁷ and Ahmad Shaban Abd El Monsef⁸

¹Department of Physiology, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta 34517, Egypt.

²Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, Damietta, Egypt

³Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia

⁴Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

⁵Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.

⁶Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt

⁷Najran Forensic Medical Services Center, Forensic Toxicology Unit. Ministry of Health, Najran 66241, Saudi Arabia.

⁸Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

*Correspondence: Osama Mahmoud Mehanna (ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3076-5130), PhD, Department of Medical Physiology, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, and Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, Damietta 34517, Egypt. Tel: ‪+20 1027587586, e-mail: OsamaMahmoud.2220@azhar.edu.eg, omahmoud@horus.edu.eg

Abstract: Background: Diabetic neuropathy is the most prevalent diabetic complication, impacting up to 60% of people with diabetes. It is characterized by distal symmetrical loss of sensory function in the lower extremities, presenting with spontaneous excruciating neuropathic pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia that impairs quality of life. The current work aims to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of naringin (a citrus flavonoid) and examine its ability to improve Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic neuropathic pain by investigating its hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Methods: out of 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, diabetes was induced in 30 rats through a single injection of STZ (45 mg/kg) dissolved in citrate buffer. Ten days after induction of diabetes, rats were divided into four groups (10/group): normal control, diabetic control, naringin-treated diabetic rats, and glimepiride-treated diabetic rats as a positive control group. At the end of the experiment, serum and brain tissue samples will be collected then the hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of naringin will be assessed and compared with that of standard drug glimepiride. Hyperalgesia and the effect of the studied drugs on it will also be evaluated by observing pain related behaviors in diabetic rats using hot plate, tail immersion, and mechanical sensitivity (von Frey) tests. Results: Significant increase in the serum levels of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and nitric oxide, with a concomitant decrease in body weight, plasma insulin and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were observed in diabetic rats. Also, the brain level of malondialdehyde was increased, while that of reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were markedly decreased. Furthermore, diabetic rats showed a marked increase in plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Moreover, hot plate, tail immersion, and von Frey tests revealed hyperalgesia in diabetic rats. Treatment with naringin and glimepiride reduced pain hypersensitivity, restored body weight and nearly normalized the altered biochemical parameters, more significantly with naringin than with glimepiride. Conclusion: These results may highlight the potential effects of naringin as a therapeutic strategy for diabetes and its complications including peripheral neuropathy.

[Osama Mahmoud Mehanna, Ahmed Elaskary, Basem H. Elesawy, Mohamed Gaber Mohamed Hassan, Mohamed Ali Mahmoud Abbas, Mohamed Ramadan Elnady, Amal Mahmoud Hammad, Nehal M Gabr, Ahmed I. Sharahili and Ahmad Shaban Abd El Monsef. Behavioral and Biochemical Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Role of Naringin in Streptozotocin‑Induced Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats. Nat Sci 2026,24(4):1-12]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240426.01

Keywords: Flavonoids; Naringin; Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy; Hyperalgesia; Oxidative Stress

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Preparing and Evaluating the LULC Map of the Kosonsoy River Basin Using GIS Technologies

Tursunov Yunusali, Mirzahmedov Ismoiljon

Departament of Geography and environmental protection, Namangan State University, Namangan, 160107, Uzbekistan

E-mail: ismoil_landsat@mail.ru

Abstract. This paper addresses the development and analysis of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) maps of the Kosonsoy River basin using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies. In the course of the study, LULC maps for 2017 and 2024 were produced in the ArcMap environment based on Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, including image preprocessing, classification, and accuracy assessment stages. Using the watershed delineation method, the hydrological boundaries of the Kosonsoy River basin were defined, enabling an integrated assessment of the natural and anthropogenic characteristics of the area in conjunction with the LULC maps. The results highlight the effectiveness of GIS-based approaches for land cover mapping, spatial analysis, and monitoring of land use changes, as well as their practical significance for territorial planning, environmental monitoring, and sustainable land resource management.

[Tursunov Y. at. el. Preparing and Evaluating the LULC Map of the Kosonsoy River Basin Using GIS Technologies. Nat Sci 2026,24(4):13-19]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 02. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240426.02

Keywords: Kosonsoy River basin; land use and land cover; LULC maps; geographic information systems; remote sensing; ArcMap software; Sentinel-2 satellite; watershed delineation

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Regional characteristics of the employment of the population of southern Uzbekistan

Tojiyeva Zulkhumor Nazarovna¹, Pardayev Nodirbek Saidahmadovich¹, Olimjon Sherholov Iskandarovich^2, Mingaliyev Ravshan Olim ugli³

^1. National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, University Street, 4, 100174, Uzbekistan

^2. Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute, Samarkand, Samarkand city, 140100, Uzbekistan

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1636-6073

E-mail: pardayevnodirbek4@mail.ru

Abstract: This article examines the employment problem of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan, including the Surkhandarya region, located in its southern part, where the population is rapidly growing and the number of people entering the labor market is increasing year by year. Despite the fact that Surkhandarya region has rich natural resources and conditions, as well as a significant number of labor resources, it occupies the lowest places in the country in terms of socio-economic development. Various methods were widely used in the research, including statistical analysis, cartographic modeling, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and analysis of examples. The article assessed the influence of geographical and demographic factors on employment in Surkhandarya region, which ranks lowest in the country in terms of employment, and studied changes in their dynamics. The formation of the demographic composition of the population of a certain territory is a historical process that occurs over a long period of time as a result of the natural conditions of the territory. This article briefly covers the labor resources of the population of Surkhandarya region, located in the southern part of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and their employment in production sectors.

[Tojiyeva Zulkhumor Nazarovna, Pardayev Nodirbek Saidahmadovich, Olimjon Sherholov Iskandarovich, Mingaliyev Ravshan Olim ugli. Regional characteristics of the employment of the population of southern Uzbekistan. Nat Sci 2026,24(4):20-26]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 03. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240426.03

Keywords: Population; employment; labor resources; labor force; economically active population; working age population; economically inactive population

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Seroepidemiology of HIV and Malaria Coinfection Among HIV-Infected Individuals in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

*¹Chukwu O. A., ¹Ugwu J. C., ¹Jumbo E. N., ²Okonko, B. J, ¹Okerentugba O. P. & ¹Okonko, I. O.   

¹Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt,      

Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

²Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria

*Corresponding author’s e-mail address: ann_chukwu@uniport.edu.ng; Tel: +2347068312672,

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the prevalence of HIV/Malaria co-infection and its association with socio-demographic, immunological, and virological characteristics among 200 individuals living with HIV. Overall, 26.0% (52/200) of participants were co-infected with malaria parasites. The prevalence was significantly higher in females (31.5%) than in males (11.2%) (p=0.0035). Age was also significantly associated with co-infection (p=0.0245), with individuals under 30 years recording the highest prevalence (51.1%), followed by those aged 31–40 years (28.5%). Individuals aged 41–50 years and those aged 51 and older had lower rates of 25% and 16.6%, respectively. Educational status and marital status were not statistically significantly associated with co-infection (p=0.1781 and p=0.4422, respectively). However, those with secondary education had the highest malaria co-infection rate (31.8%), followed by tertiary (26.4%) and primary education (10%). Co-infection was more prevalent among married individuals (28%) than singles (23.2%). Immunologically, individuals with CD4 counts <200 cells/µL had a significantly higher co-infection rate (42.2%) compared to those with 201–349 cells/µL (20%) and >350 cells/µL (25%) (p=0.0000). Virologically, participants with viral loads >1000 copies/mL had the highest co-infection rate (60%), compared to those with viral loads of 41–999 copies/mL (19%) and <40 copies/mL (23.1%) (p=0.0011). These findings suggest a strong association between malaria co-infection and immune suppression, as well as high viral replication in HIV-infected individuals. Targeted malaria prevention and control strategies should be prioritised among HIV-positive patients, particularly those with low CD4 counts and high viral loads, to reduce the burden of co-infection and improve health outcomes.

[Chukwu O. A., Ugwu J. C., Jumbo E. N., Okonko, B. J., Okerentugba O. P. & Okonko, I. O. Seroepidemiology of HIV and Malaria Coinfection Among HIV-Infected Individuals in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2026,24(4):27-32]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 04. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240426.04

Keywords: Malaria; CD4 Counts; Coinfections; HSV 1 & 2; Viral Load

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Establish the North Australian Monsoon Time Scale and break out the mysteries of the North Australian monsoon

Gangadhar

H.No.5-30-4/1,Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:  There are many mysteries and unsolved issues in the monsoonal climate and Weather systems that cannot explain and solve. I proposed and designed the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales for all world global, regional, local monsoon systems along with countries for unraveling the mysteries of climate, weather, monsoons; studying the characteristics of mechanism of climate, weather and monsoons and exercising the benefits of mankind and development of monsoonal climate and weather sciences.  According to the researches and studies on the Monsoon Time Scales, it is known that there will be major global climate changes in the coming years "i.e"  heavy rains, floods and storms etc. will occur until about 2075 and there will be droughts and famines etc. until about 2150. Through the establishment of Monsoon Time Scales, we can know the future consequences of the climate changes. Plans can be made accordingly. So, scientists can establish the Monsoon Time Scale and predict what is going to happen in the monsoonal climate in the coming years roughly. I call on the world scientists to design and establish the Monsoon Time Scales following the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales outlined below, based on the India Monsoon Time Scale which is successfully proved out in practice. North-Australian monsoon is a key system in  global monsoon systems. I have conducted many scientific researches on this monsoon system  and as a part these researches, I proposed and designed the Basics of North-Australian Monsoon Time Scale  which can help to study the past, present and future conditions of the North-Australian monsoon. In the current year 2022, the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon was traveling upwards and reached to the 29th June. Below this, the main-path of Indian summer monsoon also traveled upwards parallel to the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon with a difference of about 30 days and reached to the 29th July, As it moves further up, changes in the climate are likely increasing and there are more chances of heavy rains and floods in the coming years  

[Gangadhar. Establish the North Australian Monsoon Time Scale and break out the mysteries of the North Australian monsoon. Nat Sci 2026,24(4):33-117]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 05. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240426.05

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still)

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