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Seroepidemiology of HIV and Malaria Coinfection Among HIV-Infected Individuals in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

*¹Chukwu O. A., ¹Ugwu J. C., ¹Jumbo E. N., ²Okonko, B. J, ¹Okerentugba P. O., ¹Igweze-Ezepue, N. E., ³Awanye, A. M., & ¹Okonko, I. O.   

¹Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt,      

Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

²Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria

³Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria;

*Corresponding author’s e-mail address: ann_chukwu@uniport.edu.ng; Tel: +2347068312672

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the prevalence of HIV/Malaria co-infection and its association with socio-demographic, immunological, and virological characteristics among 200 individuals living with HIV. Overall, 26.0% (52/200) of participants were co-infected with malaria parasites. The prevalence was significantly higher in females (31.5%) than in males (11.2%) (p=0.0035). Age was also significantly associated with co-infection (p=0.0245), with individuals under 30 years recording the highest prevalence (51.1%), followed by those aged 31–40 years (28.5%). Individuals aged 41–50 years and those aged 51 and older had lower rates of 25% and 16.6%, respectively. Educational status and marital status were not statistically significantly associated with co-infection (p=0.1781 and p=0.4422, respectively). However, those with secondary education had the highest malaria co-infection rate (31.8%), followed by tertiary (26.4%) and primary education (10%). Co-infection was more prevalent among married individuals (28%) than singles (23.2%). Immunologically, individuals with CD4 counts <200 cells/µL had a significantly higher co-infection rate (42.2%) compared to those with 201–349 cells/µL (20%) and >350 cells/µL (25%) (p=0.0000). Virologically, participants with viral loads >1000 copies/mL had the highest co-infection rate (60%), compared to those with viral loads of 41–999 copies/mL (19%) and <40 copies/mL (23.1%) (p=0.0011). These findings suggest a strong association between malaria co-infection and immune suppression, as well as high viral replication in HIV-infected individuals. Targeted malaria prevention and control strategies should be prioritised among HIV-positive patients, particularly those with low CD4 counts and high viral loads, to reduce the burden of co-infection and improve health outcomes.

[Chukwu O. A., Ugwu J. C., Jumbo E. N., Okonko, B. J., Okerentugba, P. O., Igweze-Ezepue, N. E., Awanye, A. M., & Okonko, I. O. Seroepidemiology of HIV and Malaria Coinfection Among HIV-Infected Individuals in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2026,24(5):1-6]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240526.01

Keywords: Malaria; CD4 Counts; Coinfections; HSV 1 & 2; Viral Load

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Classification Of Enclave Areas

Toshpulatov Abdukodir Makhammadjon ugli¹, Jumakhanov Shavkatjon Zairjanovich²

Departament of Geography, Andijan State University, Andijan, 170100, Uzbekistan¹

Departament of Geography and environmental protection, Namangan State University, Namangan, 160107, Uzbekistan²

E-mail: abduqodirdsc@gmail.com

Abstract. This article focuses on the historical origins, classification, geopolitical status, economic and socio-geographical characteristics, and developmental aspects of enclave/exclave territories, which contribute to certain interregional challenges. Unlike other socio-political studies, this research approaches enclaves and exclaves as geographical and geopolitical categories.  The core objective of the article is to provide a theoretical analysis of the concepts of enclaves and exclaves while also describing their geographical attributes. Additionally, it classifies the various manifestations of enclaves/exclaves and examines the ways in which they can be approached. This classification considers their topological and administrative features, analyzing them through economic-geographical principles. These principles help define and describe the unique characteristics of such territories.

[Toshpulatov at. el. Classification Of Enclave Areas. Nat Sci 2026,24(5):7-15]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 02. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240526.02

Keywords: enclave; exclave; mainland state; surrounding state; classification of enclaves; full enclave; semi-enclave; pure exclave; pene-enclave; boundary problems; delimitation; demarcation; interstate relations

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Forecast of Changes in the Composition of Urban Settlements and the Level of Urbanization in Southern Uzbekistan

Kurbonov Pakhlavon Rustamovich

Karshi State University, Department of Geography and Agronomy

Abstract. This article presents a forecast of the changes in the total urban population, the composition of urban settlements, and the level of urbanization in Southern Uzbekistan – specifically, the provinces of Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya – for the short-term (2030), medium-term (2040), and long-term (2050) horizons, using the method of extrapolation. The forecast is based on the analysis of relevant retrospective data covering the period from 2009 to 2024. In addition, the dynamics of changes in the urban population and urbanization level for Uzbekistan as a whole, as well as for Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya provinces up to 2030, have been mathematically modeled.

[Kurbonov Pakhlavon Rustamovich. Forecast of Changes in the Composition of Urban Settlements and the Level of Urbanization in Southern Uzbekistan. Nat Sci 2026,24(5):16-24]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 03. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240526.03

Keywords: Southern Uzbekistan; urbanization level; city; forecast; population forecast; urban settlements forecast

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The Impact of Environmental Pollution on the Surrounding Environment

Annotatsiya

PhD Nodira Khudayberganovna Jumaniyazova

“Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University

Senior Lecturer of the Department of Soil Science and Farming

Mazkur maqolada ekologiya ifloslanishining atrof-muhitga ko‘rsatadigan salbiy ta’siri, uning asosiy manbalari va oqibatlari tahlil qilinadi. Havo, suv va tuproq ifloslanishining inson salomatligi hamda tabiiy ekotizimlarga ta’siri yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ekologik muammolarni kamaytirish va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar berilgan.

Kalit so‘zlar: ekologiya; atrof-muhit; ifloslanish; havo ifloslanishi; suv ifloslanishi; tuproq ifloslanishi; ekologik muammolar; tabiatni muhofaza qilish.

Abstract Annotation: This article examines the negative impact of environmental pollution on the natural environment, its main sources and consequences. The effects of air, water and soil pollution on human health and natural ecosystems are discussed. In addition, recommendations for reducing environmental problems and protecting the environment are provided.

[Nodira Khudayberganovna Jumaniyazova. The Impact of Environmental Pollution on the Surrounding Environment. Nat Sci 2026,24(5):25-29]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 04. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240526.04

Keywords: ecology, environment, pollution, air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, environmental problems, environmental protection.

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