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A Retrospective Study of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks from 2017 to 2023 and vaccination activities in North Shewa Zone Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Zelalem Yitayew Bimrew  

Animal Health Expert in North Shewa Zone Livestock Office

 Email: zyitayew@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals and is responsible for significant production losses. A retrospective study was conducted to describe FMD outbreaks in terms of animal species affected, geographic distribution, and temporal patterns in the North Shewa Zone of the Amhara region from 2017 to 2023. Data on FMD incidence were obtained from the DOVAR Report, compiled by the Animal Health Team in the North Shewa Zone. The data were analyzed and presented using tables and figures. During the period, 162 outbreaks of FMD were recorded in 373 (43.4%) of the 24 districts in the zone. The highest number of outbreaks occurred in 2023 (n=50; 39.9%), and the lowest in 2020 (n=2; 1.2%). This trend highlights the increasing prevalence of FMD in the region, raising concerns among local farmers and veterinarians about the potential economic impact and the need for improved vaccination and control measures. Seasonal trends were observed in the occurrence of outbreaks, the highest number of outbreaks occurring during the dry season (December to February, n = 70; 43%), whereas the lowest (n = 11; 6.8%) occurred in the heavy rain season (June to August). The majority of the outbreaks were reported from mid- and highland parts of the zone, with the highest number of outbreaks from the Bassona Worena District (n=27; 16.6%), while the least (only one outbreak) was from the Shewarobit and Gishi District. The morbidity rate and CFR (case fatality rate) were highest in 2023 and 2017, respectively, in relation to the other years; the least was 2020. However, the mortality rate was generally very low. Cattle were the only species affected with FMD in all of DOVAR (100 %). 33,155 doses of FMD vaccine were given during the 7-year period to control the disease.  In conclusion, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in the NS zone, with an increasing incidence over time. To effectively prevent the disease, regular vaccination of cattle prior to the anticipated outbreak season is recommended. However, it is essential to identify the circulating FMD serotypes through continuous surveillance before implementing any vaccination program.

[Zelalem Yitayew Bimrew. A Retrospective Study of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks from 2017 to 2023 and vaccination activities in North Shewa Zone Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Nat Sci 2026,24(8):1-10]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240826.01

Key words: Foot and Mouth Disease; North Shewa; Outbreaks; Retrospective; Vaccination

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The Power of Thought Transformation: Investigating the Link between Spiritual Happiness and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)

Abstract -Happiness is not only an emotional and mental condition but also a physical health determinant. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), or "good cholesterol," is a cardiovascular health defender. This study investigates the relationship between spiritual well-being—namely inner change through strong, positive thoughts as described in Brahma Kumaris' spirituality and HDL levels. Based on empirical scientific research and spiritual principles, this study tries to integrate spirituality and biological processes, presenting an integrated view of well-being.

[The Power of Thought Transformation: Investigating the Link between Spiritual Happiness and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein). Nat Sci 2026,24(8):11-12]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 02. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240826.02

Keywords: Power of Thought Transformation;: Investigating; Spiritual Happiness and HDL; High-Density Lipoprotein

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GEOECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKIING AND WINTER TOURISM IN THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF BAKHMAL AND ZAAMIN

Mirzayeva Aziza Zokir qizi

PhD student, Jizzakh State Pedagogical University

E-mail: mirzaevaa83@gmail.com

Abstract. The mountainous regions of Bakhmal and Zaamin, located in the eastern part of Uzbekistan, possess significant natural and geoecological resources that create favorable conditions for the development of skiing and winter tourism. These areas are characterized by diverse landscapes, moderate continental climate, stable snow cover during winter months, unique mountain ecosystems, and high recreational potential. The study aims to assess the geoecological opportunities and environmental factors influencing the sustainable development of winter tourism in Bakhmal and Zaamin districts. Particular attention is given to topographic conditions, altitude differences, climatic characteristics, snow accumulation patterns, biodiversity, and the environmental carrying capacity of mountain landscapes. The research is based on comparative geographical analysis, field observations, climatic data interpretation, and an assessment of the recreational resources of the region. The findings indicate that the Bakhmal and Zaamin mountain territories possess suitable slopes, favorable temperatures, and sufficient snowfall that can support various winter recreational activities, including alpine skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing, and ecotourism. Furthermore, the development of winter tourism in these regions could contribute to socio-economic growth, employment generation, and diversification of local economies. However, sustainable management approaches are essential to minimize anthropogenic pressure and preserve fragile mountain ecosystems. The implementation of environmentally sound tourism infrastructure and conservation measures will ensure the long-term viability of winter tourism and promote balanced regional development. Therefore, the geoecological characteristics of Bakhmal and Zaamin provide substantial opportunities for establishing competitive and sustainable winter tourism destinations in Uzbekistan.

[Mirzayeva Aziza Zokir qizi. GEOECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKIING AND WINTER TOURISM IN THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF BAKHMAL AND ZAAMIN. Nat Sci 2026,24(8):13-20]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 03. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240826.03

Keywords: Geoecology； winter tourism; skiing; Bakhmal district; Zaamin district; mountain ecosystems; recreational resources; sustainable tourism; snow cover.

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Assessing Contaminants in Drinking Water: A Case Study of Southern Bengaluru, India.

Nuhu Bako Erena* and Arijit Das

Department of Microbiology and Botany,

School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be) University, JC Road, Bengaluru- 560027

*Presenting author Mobile: 8296551797, email: nuhubako.erena@jainuniversity.ac.in

Abstract: Background: Human-induced degradation of freshwater resources continues to limit access to safe drinking water, particularly in developing countries, where waterborne diseases remain a major public health concern. This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water in southern Bengaluru, India. Methods: A total of 150 water samples were collected from households, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, hotels and restaurants, and roadside food vendors. Physicochemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and water hardness, were analyzed using standard methods, while bacteriological quality was determined using the most probable number (MPN) technique. Results: Approximately 90% of samples met the recommended pH range (6.5–8.5), and 96% complied with acceptable TDS limits. The water hardness analysis revealed that 80.7% of the samples were soft, 13.3% were moderately hard, and 6% were hard. However, 49% of samples recorded MPN values exceeding 100 MPN/100 mL, indicating significant microbial contamination. Pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., and Enterobacter spp., were identified. Conclusion: Despite acceptable physicochemical quality in most samples, widespread microbial contamination poses serious health risks. Recommendation: Regular monitoring, improved sanitation facilities, and enhanced hygiene practices are recommended to ensure the availability of safe drinking water and protect public health.

[Nuhu Bako Erena and Arijit Das. Assessing Contaminants in Drinking Water: A Case Study of Southern Bengaluru, India. Nat Sci 2026,24(8):21-27]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 04. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240826.04

Keywords: Assessing Contaminants; Drinking Water; Case Study; Southern Bengaluru; India

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Suspended sediment runoff and soil washout intensity in the Chirchiq-Ohangaron rivers basin

Fazliddin Khikmatov¹, Oyjamol  Kholtojiyeva², Bekzod  Khikmatov³, Komiljon Rakhmonov⁴

^1.Department of Surface hydrology and meteorology, National University of Uzbekistan, Email: hikmatov_f@mail.ru

^2.Department of Surface hydrology and meteorology, National University of Uzbekistan, Email: oyjamolxoltojiyeva@gmail.com

^3.Institute of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Email: fvvfmi@umail.uz 

^4.Department of Surface hydrology and meteorology, National University of Uzbekistan, Email:  komiljons@mail.ru

Abstract. This article addresses the study of suspended sediment flow and the assessment of soil washout intensity from the mountain river basins of the Chirchiq–Ohangaron region. Data on suspended sediment runoff from rivers were used as the primary source material. The study also evaluates the contributions of seasonal atmospheric precipitation and air temperature to the formation of suspended sediment runoff in mountain rivers. Calculation nomograms are proposed for the quantitative assessment of suspended sediment runoff, developed on the basis of normalized regression equations that describe the relationship between suspended sediment runoff and hydrometeorological factors. The quantitative indicators of hydrological variables characterizing the intensity of soil washout from river basins have been refined through testing of the calculation nomograms. Furthermore, the long-term average values of suspended sediment runoff have been determined, including sediment volume norms, flushing modulus, erosion meter and other related parameters.

[Fazliddin Khikmatov, Oyjamol  Kholtojiyeva, Bekzod  Khikmatov, Komiljon Rakhmonov. Suspended sediment runoff and soil washout intensity in the Chirchiq-Ohangaron rivers basin. Nat Sci 2026,24(8):28-37]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 05. doi:10.7537/marsnsj240826.05

Keywords: river; water flow; suspended sediment; sediment load; flushing modulus; flushing layer; erosion meter

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