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PREVALENCE, PUBLIC AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE   OF HYDATIDOSIS IN THE CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT MENDI SLAUGTER SLAB WEST WALLEGA, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA.

Tilahun benti,  Asmamaw Aki,  Tuge temesge

Assosa, Animal Health Diagnostic  and Research Laboratory, P.O.BOX 326,  cellphone +251902330029, Email address: asmamawaki@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Back ground: Haydatidosis, is one of the zoonotic diseases associated with great public health and economic significance in the worldwide. Objectives:  A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2024 to october 2025 with the aim of determining the prevalence, organ distribution, fertility rate, cyst burden and assessing financial losses and public awareness of hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at Mendi slaughter slab. Methods: Routine ante-mortem and post-mortem examination were conducted for the presence of hydatid cyst. Post-mortem examination was conducted thorough visual inspection, palpation and systemic incision of each visceral organ particularly the lungs, kidneys, liver and heart. In this study the overall prevalence of  hydatid cystic in the cattle slaughtered at mendi slaughter slab was 17.70% (68/384). There was no significant statistical association in all potential risk factors except between animal age categories and body condition score. In this study, cyst count shows 68 total cysts were counted in total infected cattles, which shows great environmental contamination if the offal are not disposed with great caution. Organ distribution shows, Hydatid cysts had a tendency to be located more in the lungs than liver and kidneys. In the present study hydatid cyst characterization showed that 11/36 (30.55%), 25/36(69.44%),23/32(71.87%) and 9/32 (28.12%) were viable, non-viable, sterile and calcified respectively. In this study; an overall annual financial losses due to organ condemnation and carcass weight loss from total infected cattle was estimated to be: 1,952,756.4ETB. Conclusion and recommendations: Large dog population, widespread stray dogs, free access of dogs to offal, inappropriate disposal of offal and inadequate animal health services especially worm control are major predisposing factors which contribute to persisting of the diseases. Majority of the community in this study were at risk to contract the disease due to lack of knowledge on transmission, zoonosis, treatment and control of hydatidosis. These results suggest that the occurrence of the hydatid cyst infection in this area is a great concern for both medical and veterinary authorities. Thus, the development of effective disease management and awareness creation are required to overcome these problems.

[Tilahun benti,  Asmamaw Aki,  Tuge temesge. PREVALENCE, PUBLIC AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE   OF HYDATIDOSIS IN THE CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT MENDI SLAUGTER SLAB WEST WALLEGA, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA. N Y Sci J 2026;19(2):1-16]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 01. doi:10.7537/marsnys190226.01

Keywords: cattle; financial losses; Prevalence; hydatid cyst; Mendi; Public awareness

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Viral Load and Socio-Demographic Factors on Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Coinfection in HIV-Infected Individuals in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria

¹Omang, P. A, ²Okonko, B. J, ²Enya, E., ⁴Okerentugba, P. O. & ⁴Okonko, I. O. 

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

²Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

³Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

⁴Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria

Corresponding author’s email: piusomang123@gmail.com.

Abstract: HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health issue globally, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, high HIV prevalence has driven numerous health interventions and studies due to associated morbidities. Coinfections with HBV and HCV are common among HIV-positive individuals, complicating clinical management and accelerating disease progression. These infections share similar transmission routes, such as sexual contact and intravenous drug use. This study aimed to determine the impact of viral load and socio-demographic factors on HBV and HCV coinfection in HIV-positive patients in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 200 patients diagnosed with HIV attending an ART clinic at Dr. Henshaw Memorial Hospital, IDH, Calabar. The demographic data were obtained using a questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for the detection of HBsAg and HCV using ELISA kits. The results show that HBV coinfection was 28%. The prevalence was higher in females (29%) and individuals aged >65 years (57.1%). No cases of HCV infection were detected in the study population. Analysis by viral load revealed that individuals with a viral load of 200+ copies/ml had the highest HBV coinfection rate (43.2%), followed by those with 21–75 copies/ml (29.5%), 76–199 copies/ml (13.3%), and <20 copies/ml (26%), this means that individuals with higher HIV viral loads are more susceptible to HBV coinfection. Unemployed patients were also more infected with HBV (54%). Based on marital status, widows and divorcees had a higher HBV prevalence (14.3%). The prevalence was higher in students (16.7%) and patients with a primary education background (25%). The absence of HCV coinfection in the study population suggests either a lower exposure rate or effective management of HCV in this region. Regular screening for HBV should be integrated into the routine care of people living with HIV/AIDS, especially for high-risk groups such as older individuals and those with higher viral loads.

[Omang, P. A, Okonko, B. J., Enya, E., Okerentugba, P. O. & Okonko, I. O. Viral Load and Socio-Demographic Factors on Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Coinfection in HIV-Infected Individuals in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2026;19(2):17-21]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 02. doi:10.7537/marsnys190226.02

Keywords: HIV/AIDS; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Coinfection; Viral Load; Socio-demographics; Calabar; Nigeria

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Investigation of the Impact of Common Salt on Lime-stabilised Lateritic Soil

G. O. Adunoye*, A. S. Oyegoke, O. S. Afolabi, O. Z. Oloyede

Department of Civil Engineering

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

*Corresponding email: kayadunoye@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of common salt on lime-stabilised soils with a view to assessing the impact of common salt on the soil-stabilising potential of lime. To achieve the aim of the study, soil samples were collected from two identified locations. Preliminary and geotechnical tests (particle size analysis, specific gravity, Atterberg’s limit, compaction, unsoaked California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compression strength (UCS)) were conducted on the soil samples, following standard procedure. Thereafter, the soils were treated with a constant 8 % proportion of lime and 3 %, 6 % and 9 % proportion of common salt. Each percentage of additive was by weight of the dry soil. The proportions were thoroughly mixed and cured for 48 hours, after which the unsoaked CBR and UCS of the treated soils were determined, using standard procedure. Results showed that the soils are well laterised, possess intermediate plasticity, and minima plastic clayey characteristics. The CBR values also showed that one of the samples is suitable for subgrade filling, while the other sample is a suitable sub base material for road construction. Results of UCS tests showed that the soils may be adequate for shallow foundation support with minima stabilisation requirements. Results of CBR tests on the lime-stabilised soils showed continuous increase in CBR values with the addition of proportions of common salt. That is, the addition of common salt did not adversely affect the stabilising effect of lime on the soil samples, rather, it improved the properties of the soils. It was also observed that, with the addition of common salt to the lime-stabilised soils, the optimum values of common salt were 3 % (first sample) and 6 % (second sample). The study concluded that addition of common salt to lime-stabilised soils led to improvement in the engineering properties of the soils.

[G. O. Adunoye, A. S. Oyegoke, O. S. Afolabi, O. Z. Oloyede. Investigation of the Impact of Common Salt on Lime-stabilised Lateritic Soil. N Y Sci J 2026;19(2):22-25]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 03. doi:10.7537/marsnys190226.03

Keywords: common salt; lateritic soil; lime; soil compaction; soil stabilisation

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Basics of Australian Monsoon Time Scale : A review and revisit

Gangadhar

H.No.5-30-4/1,Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:  Monsoon means a periodic seasonal reversing winds patterns in atmospheric circulation accompanied by climate and weather changes according to the year-to-year changes of movement of the Earth on its axial tilt (obliquity) between approximately 22.1 and 24.5 degrees to its path and revolves around the Sun in accordance with the Milankovitch cycles. Therefore, not only the countries in the tropical and subtropical regions, but also those wind patterns blowing in the countries in the polar regions should be considered monsoons. I proposed and designed the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales for all global, regional, local monsoon systems along with every country of the world for unraveling the mysteries; studying the characteristics of dynamics mechanisms and exercising the benefits of mankind and development.  According to the researches and studies on the Monsoon Time Scales, it is come to know that there will be severe climate changes and natural calamities in the coming years "i.e"  heavy rains, floods and storms etc. will occur until about 2075 and there will be droughts and famines etc. until about 2150. Through the establishment of Monsoon Time Scales, we can know the future consequences of climate changes and natural calamities. Plans can be made accordingly. As a part of them, the  African Monsoon Time Scale was proposed and designed by me in 1991 to study climate changes and natural calamities in advance. I call on world scientists to establish the African Monsoon Time Scale  following the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales outlined below, based on the India Monsoon Time Scale which is successfully proved out in practice and  break down the mysteries of the Africa  monsoon.

[Gangadhar. Basics of Australian Monsoon Time Scale : A review and revisit. N Y Sci J 2026;19(2):26-81]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 04. doi:10.7537/marsnys190226.04

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Geoscope systems (1980-87); Global Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Nature Cyclic Pattern Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope systems (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still) 

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