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Sequential Nephron Blockade with Metolazone for Decongestion in Advanced Decompensated Heart Failure

Arafat M. Abd Elrahman, and Muhammad A. Alghorayeb

National Heart Institute, Giza, Egypt

Corresponding email: Arafatmahmoud88@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Congestion-driven hospitalization remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Diuretic resistance frequently limits the effectiveness of loop diuretics, prompting the use of sequential nephron blockade with thiazide-like diuretics such as metolazone. Objective assessment of decongestion using radiographic markers may improve evaluation of treatment response. Objectives: To compare diuretic response, radiographic and clinical decongestion, renal safety, and short-term clinical outcomes in patients with advanced decompensated heart failure treated with intravenous loop diuretics alone versus loop diuretics plus metolazone. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study included 43 patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction hospitalized for ADHF. Patients were treated with intravenous Frusemide alone (n = 23) or in combination with metolazone (n = 20). Diuretic efficiency, urine output, weight change, congestion score index (CSI) derived from chest radiography, renal function, electrolyte changes, loop diuretic dose at discharge, and survival were evaluated. Results: Patients receiving metolazone demonstrated significantly greater diuretic efficiency (958.00 ± 156.46 mL/40 mg Frusemide vs, 614.35 ± 281.66 mL/40 mg; p < 0.05), higher urine output (2950.00 ± 591.61 mL vs 2165.22 ± 939.83 mL; p < 0.05), and larger reductions in body weight compared with Frusemide alone (−5.96 ± 2.20 kg) vs., −3.65 ± 1.38 kg; p < 0.05).(all p < 0.05). Radiographic decongestion was more pronounced in the metolazone group, with a significantly greater reduction in CSI at discharge (1.15 ± 0.37 vs 0.74 ± 0.54; p < 0.05). The metolazone group required a significantly lower loop diuretic dose at discharge (252.39 ± 137.05 mg; p < 0.05), without an increase in renal dysfunction or electrolyte disturbances. Although survival was numerically longer in the metolazone group, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In patients with advanced ADHF, adjunctive metolazone therapy was associated with improved diuretic efficiency, more effective radiographic and clinical decongestion, and lower loop diuretic requirements at discharge, without compromising renal safety.

[Arafat M. Abd Elrahman, and Muhammad A. Alghorayeb Sequential Nephron Blockade with Metolazone for Decongestion in Advanced Decompensated Heart Failure. N Y Sci J 2026;19(3):1-9]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 01. Doi: 10.7537/marsnys190326.01

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Evaluation of Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Kitchen Waste and Cow Dung

Greg, M.⁽¹⁾, Tanko, B.⁽²⁾ and Fidelis, F.⁽³⁾

^{(1), (3)} Department of Civil Engineering, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

⁽²⁾Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria.

Email: engrtesenrubi@gmail.com     Phone: +234 08033070655

Abstract: Improper disposal of plant and animal waste poses significant risks to environmental and public health, including the contamination of water sources with pathogens and chemicals. This study addresses this critical issue by evaluating the potential of converting these wastes into a renewable energy source: biogas. The research focuses on the production of biogas from the digestion and co-digestion of readily available kitchen waste and cow dung within the Jalingo metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. Through a systematic evaluation of digester systems, this study compares the efficiency of digestion and co-digestion methods. The primary objective is to determine the most suitable waste materials and methods for optimal biogas production. Co-digestion was found to substantially increase the biogas yields. By utilizing these local waste resources, the project aimed to not only mitigate environmental contamination but also provide a cost-effective, renewable energy solution for the community. The findings of this study are expected to offer a sustainable waste management model that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy independence, and create economic opportunities through the valorization of waste.

[Greg, M., Tanko, B. and Fidelis, F. Evaluation of Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Kitchen Waste and Cow Dung. N Y Sci J 2026;19(3):10-15]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 02. Doi: 10.7537/marsnys190326.02

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THE ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

ASUERIMEN P.G¹, OSARENMWINDA I. E², AFOLABI A. E³, OLANIYAN C. K⁴, OKO E⁵, NWACHUKWU I. M⁶, IBIRONKE H. O⁷.EGUSA D⁸

¹Department of Geography and Planning,  Abia State University. Abia State, Nigeria.

²Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria.

³Department of Plant Science University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK

⁴Department of Agricultural Economics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State Nigeria.

⁵Department of Natural Resources and Environmental sciences, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, Huntsville, Alabama. USA

⁶Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria.

⁷Department of Crop and Horticultural science, University of Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria.

⁸Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: asuerimenprecious@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Climate change poses a significant threat to global food security, impacting crop yields, food availability, health and access to nutrition. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events are altering the conditions under which crops are grown, livestock are raised, and food systems operate. This review examines the current state of knowledge on the impacts of climate change on global food security, highlighting the effects on crop yields, food prices, and human nutrition. We discuss the potential adaptation and mitigation strategies that can help reduce the vulnerability of food systems to climate change, including climate smart agriculture, improved irrigation management, crop insurance, geoinformatics and enhanced food storage and distribution systems. Our analysis reveals that climate change affects not only crop productivity but also food access, utilization, and stability, with far reaching implications for human well being, particularly in vulnerable populations. We emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing the impacts of climate change on food security, including policy, technological, and institutional innovations that support climate resilient food systems. This review aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners about the complex relationships between climate change and food security, and to identify opportunities for building more resilient food systems in the face of a changing climate.

[ASUERIMEN P.G, OSARENMWINDA I. E, AFOLABI A. E, OLANIYAN C. K, OKO E, NWACHUKWU I. M⁶, IBIRONKE H. O⁷.EGUSA D. THE ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY. N Y Sci J 2026;19(3):16-26]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 03. Doi: 10.7537/marsnys190326.03

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Herbal Antimicrobials in Perspective: Evaluating Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) against Vaginal Staphylococcus aureus

Anastecia Ihuoma Ezeamalu¹, Esther Okpe ², Gloria Oware ³, Anthonia Ifechukwude Abor ⁴, Chidera Nwafor⁵, Oluchi J Osuala^6*, Blessing Jachinma Okonko⁷, Amaka Marian Awanye⁸, Chidozie Ngozi Endarlyn Ibezim⁸ & Iheanyi O Okonko ^9*

¹Medical Microbiology/Mycology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

²Health Science Department, National Open University of Nigeria. Nnamdi Azikiwe Expressway, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria

³Medical Microbiology Department, Edo State College of Health Sciences and Technology, Edo State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria

⁵Department of Medical Microbiology, Archbishop Charles Heerey College of Health Sciences and Technology, Nkpor, Anambra State, Nigeria.

⁶Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria;

⁷Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria;

⁸Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria;

⁹Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

*For correspondence: Email: osualaoluchioo@gmail.com. Tel.: +2348065844112, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University Elele, 512101 Rivers State, Nigeria.

Email: iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng; Tel: + (234) 7069697309, Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Abstract: The rising antimicrobial resistance burden constitutes a paramount worldwide health threat, particularly in low-resource environments. Staphylococcus aureus, inclusive of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a common cause of vaginal infection among reproductive-aged women. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial property of ethanolic vinegar leaf (Andrographis paniculata) extract against S. aureus isolates from high vaginal swabs (HVS) of patients attending Madonna University Teaching Hospital, Elele, Nigeria. A total of 30 S. aureus clinical isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Vinegar leaves were processed and extracted with ethanol, and antimicrobial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method at 100%, 75%, and 50% concentrations. Results revealed the highest prevalence of S. aureus among the age group 20–30 years (40%). The extract showed concentration-dependent antibacterial activity with the highest sensitivity at 100% concentration across all age groups. Specifically, 91.7% of isolates of the 20–30 year age group were sensitive at 100%, and the sensitivity decreased considerably at lower concentrations. Although sensitivity and resistance patterns varied among age groups and concentrations, the chi-square test indicated the absence of a statistically significant association (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that vinegar leaf extract possesses promising antimicrobial activity, particularly at higher concentrations, and may serve as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of S. aureus-related infections. Further studies with larger samples and phytochemical profiling are warranted to elucidate active principles and standardise therapeutic use.

[Ezeamalu AI, Okpe E, Oware G, Abor AI, Nwafor C, Osuala OJ, Okonko BJ, Awanye AM, Ibezim CNE & Okonko IO. Herbal Antimicrobials in Perspective: Evaluating Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) against Vaginal Staphylococcus aureus. N Y Sci J 2026;19(3):27-32]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 04. Doi: 10.7537/marsnys190326.04

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Stand Diameter Distribution Modelling of a Mixed-Species Forest Plantation in North-Central Nigeria

Chenge, I.B.¹; * Japheth D.H. ², and Ortserga T.J.¹

^11. Department of Forest Production and Products, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria

^2. Department of Forestry and Wildlife Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

daujaph@gmail.com

Abstract: Understanding stand structure is essential for sustainable forest management, yield prediction, and silvicultural planning. This study modelled the diameter distribution of trees in a mixed-species forest plantation to identify the statistical models that best describe the stand structure. A systematic sampling design was adopted to establish twenty-one 30 m × 30 m plots across the 35.3 ha plantation. All trees with a diameter at breast height (Dbh) ≥ 10 cm were measured. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize stand structure, while seven probability density functions, namely Weibull, Gamma, Lognormal, Normal, Cauchy, Exponential, and Logistic, were fitted using maximum likelihood estimation. Model performance was evaluated using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von Mises, and Anderson–Darling goodness of fit statistics. Tree density averaged 312 trees ha⁻¹, with Dbh ranging from 10.2 to 54.7 cm (mean = 22.9 cm). The diameter distribution exhibited positive skewness, indicating a predominance of small to medium diameter trees. Among the tested models, the Lognormal distribution provided the best overall fit, followed by the Gamma and Logistic models, while the Exponential model performed poorly. The results reflect the multiplicative nature of tree growth and the structural heterogeneity typical of mixed plantations. The Lognormal model is recommended for predicting stand structure and supporting management planning in the forest plantation and similar Guinea savannah ecosystems.

[Chenge, I.B.; Japheth D.H., and Ortserga T.J. Stand Diameter Distribution Modelling of a Mixed-Species Forest Plantation in North-Central Nigeria. N Y Sci J 2026;19(3):33-44]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 05. Doi: 10.7537/marsnys190326.05

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