No.

Titles / Authors

Full Text

 No.

1

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs (Canis familaris) in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Kutdang E.T. and Onyejiaka U.

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri

Kutdangezra_2008@yahoo.com; +234732928308

Abstract: Two hundred faecal samples of dogs were examined for eggs (ova) and cysts of gastrointestinal parasites in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State using formol ether concentration technique. Out of the 200 faecal samples of dogs examined, 45 (22.5%) harboured various species of intestinal parasites. Ancylostoma spp. had the highest prevalence of 10%. Other species prevalent included Strongyloides larva (0.5%); Taenia (2%); Ascaris ova (1%); Entamoeba (5%) cysts; and Hymenolepis nana (4%). The location with the most prevalent parasite species is Mairi village (40%), followed by Maimalari Barracks with 32%, while Mammy market (Custom area) has the least with 12%. This study has shown that gastrointestinal parasites are endemic in Maiduguri metropolis, which has significant public health importance.

[Kutdang E.T. and Onyejiaka U. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs (Canis familaris) in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):1-4]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.01

Keywords: Gastrointestinal parasites, Dogs, Maiduguri, Nigeria

Full Text

1

2

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Sulphidation pressmud Composted pressmud and Vermicomposted pressmud

Namita Joshi and Sonal Sharma

Department of Environmental Sciences, Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.

drnamitaenv@gmail.com

Abstract: In India, Sugar industry with 400 sugar mills ranks as the second major agro-industry in the country. Pressmud a by-product of sugar-mill is produced at 30-35 Kg per ton of cane crushed. Production of sulphidation and carbonation pressmud is estimated to be 3% and 7% respectively of the quantity of cane crushed in a sugar factory following sulphidation and carbonation process respectively. Present study was undertaken to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of raw pressmud, it’s compost prepared by using thermophillic bacteria and it’s vermicompost which is prepared by using species Eisenia foetida. while comparing physical and chemical characteristics, it was found that vermicompost have lower temperature, water holding , pH and carbon content but higher electrical conductivity, available phosphorus and moisture content as compared to raw pressmud and it’s compost.

[Namita Joshi and Sonal Sharma. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Sulphidation pressmud Composted pressmud and Vermicomposted pressmud. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):5-9]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.02

Keywords: Physico-Chemical; Characterization; Sulphidation; Vermicompost; pressmud

Full Text

2

3

Biological Invasions in Kashmir Himalayas-A Real Concern

Full Text

3

4

Caesalpinia bonducella F. - An Overview

Komal Moon*, S. S. Khadabadi, U.A.Deokate, S.L.Deore

Komal Moon*

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email-komal.moon@gmail.com

S. S. Khadbadi

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email- khadbadi@yahoo.com, Contact No. 09370159421

U. A. Deokate

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email- deokate@yahoo.com, Contact No. 09423853597

S. L. Deore

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email- sharudeore_2@yahoo.com, Contact No. 09766577646

ABSTRACT: Many herbal remedies have been employed in various medical systems for the treatment and management of different diseases. The plant Caesalpinia bonducella (syn: Caesalpinia Crista Linn.) has been used in different system of traditional medication for the treatment of diseases and ailments of human beings. It is reported to contain various Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids and Saponins. It has been reported as anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-filarial, anti-tumor, anxiolytic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, activity. This review attempts to encompass the available literature on Caesalpinia bonducella with respect to its pharmacognostic characters, chemical constituents, summary of its various pharmacological activities and traditional uses.

[Komal Moon, S. S. Khadabadi, U.A.Deokate, S.L.Deore Caesalpinia bonducella F. - An Overview. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):13-23]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.04

Keywords: Caesalpinia bonducella. Pharmacology, Traditional Uses, Review

Full Text

4

5

Lagenaria siceraria: Phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and pharmacological studies).

Meenal S. kubde*, S. S. Khadabadi, I. A. Farooqui, S. L. Deore

Meenal S. Kubde*

Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email- meenalkubde@gmail.com, Contact No. 09975750261

S. S. Khadbadi

Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email- khadbadi@yahoo.com, Contact No. 09370159421.

I.A. Farooqui.

Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email - farooquiirfan@yahoo.com, Contact No. 9423124908.

S. L. Deore

Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Govt. College of pharmacy, Kathora naka, Amravati-444604. (M.S.), INDIA.

Email- sharudeore_2@yahoo.com, Contact No. 09766577646

ABSTRACT: Many herbal remedies have been employed in various medical systems for the treatment and management of different diseases. The plant Lagenaria siceraria has been used in different system of traditional medication for the treatment of diseases and ailments of human beings. The plants contain tri terpenoid, cucurbitacins, flavones, C-glycosides beta glycosides 1, vitamin B, and a fair source of ascorbic acid in fruits. The edible portion contains thiamine, riboflavin, niacin. The oil obtained from seed contains free fatty acids. The fruit is rich in pectin 2. The plant contains saponin and fatty oil 3. It has been reported as Cardio tonic, Hepato protective, Immunomodulatory, Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial and Diuretic properties. The current study is therefore carried out to provide requisite phytochemical and pharmacological detail about the plant. The plant is cultivated in different parts of India on a small scale at present. However, systematic information on different aspects of this species is not available. In this review, an attempt has been made to present this information.

[Meenal S. kubde, S. S. Khadabadi, I. A. Farooqui, S. L. Deore. Lagenaria siceraria: Phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and pharmacological studies). Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):24-31]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.05

Key words: Lagenaria siceraria, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological action

Full Text

5

6

Design and Simulation of a New Flexible Constant Velocity Mechanism for Transmission of power between Parallel Shafts

Majid Yaghoubi ^1*, E. Mahmoodi¹, M. Omid, Seyed¹, Saeid Mohtasebi ¹

1. Department of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

 yaghoub@ut.ac.ir^*, esmahmoodi@ut.ac.ir, omid@ut.ac.ir, mohtaseb@ut.ac.ir,

Abstract: This paper presents a new mechanism for transmission of power between parallel shafts for adjusting height of farm or construction machineries in more gages. The mechanism consists of a drive shaft, 3 quad transmitter links, 8 connecting links and driven shaft. Advantage of this mechanism is that the velocity ratio between input and output shafts remains constant for all movements. Simulation results using software packages showed that this mechanism could transmit constant velocity ratio at all parallel movements between the shafts. Finally, tension analysis of the mechanism at 2000 rpm and input shaft torque of 8000 N.m, , showed that the highest tension occurs in the shafts and the main components of mechanism have high load capacities in comparison with their dimensions.

[Majid Yaghoubi, E. Mahmoodi, M. Omid, Seyed, Saeid Mohtasebi. Design and Simulation of a New Flexible Constant Velocity Mechanism for Transmission of power between Parallel Shafts. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):32-36]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.06

Key words: Shaft, Power transmission, mechanisms, Constant velocity, Tension analysis, Simulation

Full Text

6

7

First Observation on shrimp fishery using brackish water fern, Acrostichum aureum traps in a tropical lagoon, south-western Nigeria

* Babatunde Eniola Emmanuel

Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Nigeria

*moneteni@yahoo.com

Abstract: Observation on Shrimp fishery using brackish water fern, Acrostichum aureum traps in a tropical lagoon, south-western Nigeria examined between June 2004 and May 2005. It was recorded that the fishery of prawn in the lagoon was confined to the rainy season as a reflection of the abundance of the prawns during this season, which itself is due to in-migration from the many fresh water streams emptying into the lagoon. Macrobrachium spp are spatially distributed in the lagoon based on the shelter nature of the area. Macrobrachium were more concentrated at Ago – Egun (90kg) and the least concentration were recorded at University of Lagos water front (70.1kg) The occurrence and distribution of prawn in Lagos lagoon were likely to be influenced mainly by hydrology and salinity. The traps were effective because the prawns went under it to feed on the algae and other periphyton encrusting them. However, the effectiveness of Acrostichum aureum traps around Ago –Egun and Ikorodu indicates that the species may have preference for areas with influx of organic matter from home chores.

[Babatunde Eniola Emmanuel. First Observation on shrimp fishery using brackish water fern, Acrostichum aureum traps in a tropical lagoon, south-western Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):37-41]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.07

Keywords: Acrostichum aureum, trap, shrimp, Lagos lagoon, Macrobrachium spp

Full Text

7

8

True Meaning Of E=MC² And Momentum Of Emitted Hawking Radiation

Manjunath R

Email: manjunathr1988@yahoo.in

Abstract: Conversion of energy into mass and its vice versa is beautifully explained by Einstein’s famous equation E=MC²,here C is not just the velocity of a certain phenomenon—namely the propagation of electromagnetic radiation (light)—but rather a fundamental feature of the way space and time are unified as space time. The equation implies conversion of energy into mass and its vice versa accounts the unification of space and time. In other words in presence of mass there is unification of space and time .In absence of mass space and time behave as two separate factors. The space, time mass are different concepts in physics and these concepts are brought to gather in one equation. Moreover the question arises in human mind the need of unification of space and time in conversion of energy into mass and its vice versa.

[Manjunath R. True Meaning Of E=MC² And Momentum Of Emitted Hawking Radiation. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):42-46]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.08

Keywords: E=MC²; Momentum; Emitted Hawking Radiation

Full Text

8

9

Performance, Internal Egg Characteristics And Haematology Of Laying Birds Fed Safzyme^® Supplemented Soybeanhull Diet.

*[1]Iheshiulor, O.O.M, 1Esonu, B.O; 1Udedibie, C.A; 1Chukwuka,O.K and [2]Ayo-Enwerem, C.M.

¹Department of Animal Science & Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Imo State, Nigeria

²Department of Animal Production, Imo Polytechnic, Owerri.

*E-mail: osky02@yahoo.com

Abstract: A twelve- week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of safzyme® (a cellulolytic enzyme) supplementation on performance, internal egg characteristics and haematology of laying birds fed soybean hull diets. Three experimental layer diets were formulated incorporating soybean hull meal at 0% (without safzyme® supplementation), 30% (without safzyme® supplementation) and 30% (with safzyme® supplementation). Thirty six Harco layers, 5 months into lay were divided into three treatment groups and randomly assigned to three treatment diets in a completely randomized design. Data were collected on feed intake, body weight gain, hen-day production, egg size and weight, internal indices of eggs, internal organ characteristics and haematological indices. Results from performance studies revealed that supplementing soybean hull diet with/without safzyme® significantly (P<0.05) affected performance, egg quality indices, carcass characteristics and haematology compared to the control. Also, hens fed soybean hull diet with/ without safzyme® supplementation had increased weight of gizzard and increased feed intake (P<0.05). The results of this trial suggest that 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal with/without safzyme® supplementation could be used in laying birds diets without any deleterious effects on birds.

[Iheshiulor, O.O.M, Esonu,B.O; Udedibie,C.A; Chukwuka,O.K and Ayo-Enwerem, C.M. Performance, Internal Egg Characteristics And Haematology Of Laying Birds Fed Safzyme^® Supplemented Soybeanhull Diet. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):47-51]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.09

Key words: soybean hull meal, safzyme®, nutritive value, laying birds

Full Text

9

10

Relevance of Empty Fruit Bunch and Palm Bunch Ash in Organic Agricultural Production in Nigeria

Okoli, Nneka Angela

Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri

P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State; Email: amderealangel@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper reviewed the relevance of empty fruit bunch and palm bunch ash in organic agricultural production with particular focus in sub-Saharan Africa. In doing this, books, journals, interactions with farmers and observations and internet were used in the production of this paper. In most sub-Saharan Africa countries, there is serious environmental degradation as a result of the dependence of the farmers on agro-chemical inputs for crop production. The farmers believe chemical inputs give higher yield with less energy dispensation in the application of the chemicals unlike the organic inputs such as manure which is bulky and requires labour and ensuing cost. The farmers’ attitude through improper use of agrochemicals or excessive use of high external inputs causes damage and poses danger to the farmer, his crops, livestock and his environment. The use of empty fruit bunch as mulch and organic manure; and palm bunch ash as organic fertilizer in crop production with particular reference to root and tuber crops since palm bunch ash has been established to be rich in potassium oxide, will serve a great purpose in reducing farmers’ dependency on agrochemicals and redirecting their steps toward organic agricultural production.

[Okoli, Nneka Angela. Relevance of Empty Fruit Bunch and Palm Bunch Ash in Organic Agricultural Production in Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):52-54]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.10

Keywords: Empty fruit bunch, Palm bunch ash and Organic agriculture

Full Text

10

11

Analysis of Dry Season Vegetable Production in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria

*Ibekwe u.c and **o.m. Adesope

* Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

**department of agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

**Corresponding author: Dr O.M. Adesope

Email: omadesope@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: The study focused on the costs and returns of small-scale vegetable production in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. A total of 150 respondents were interviewed using questionnaire. The production system and socio economic characteristics of the farmers were evaluated. Vegetable production was found to be profitable with a Benefit – Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.64 and the return per capital invested was found to be 0.50k. The regression analysis showed that variables such as, cost of labour, cost of fertilizer, cost of planting materials, cost of irrigation, level of education, size of household, farming experience and farm size were significant at five percent level of significance. Formation of cooperative society by farmers provision of appropriate planting materials and technologies were the methods recommended for amelioration of vegetable farmers problem.

[Ibekwe u.c and **o.m. Adesope. Analysis of Dry Season Vegetable Production in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):55-60]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.11

Key words: Dry season vegetable production

Full Text

11

12

Technical Report

 Investigating the Effect of Pb-Sb-Cu Alloy Casting Techniques on Its Electrical Properties

Chukwuka I . Nwoye

Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

chikeyn@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of Pb-Sb-Cu alloy casting techniques on its electrical properties was investigated following casting of the alloys using using three different techniques; Technique A, Technique B, Technique C and cooling of the alloys after casting in the furnace and determining their electrical properties. Technique A, involves simultaneous addition of Cu powder and pouring of the molten Pb-Sb into the mould. Techniques B, involves addition of Cu powder intermittently as pouring of Pb-Sb into the mould was going on and Technique C involves pouring a stirred mixture of heated Pb-Sb alloy and powdered Cu into the mould. Copper addition to the base alloy was dispersion of the copper powder within the Pb-Sb matrix. The results of the investigation indicate that the electric current flow, conductivity, power dissipation, electrical resistance and resistivity from Techniques A, B and C alloys show a sinusoidal variation with each technique’s alloy. This implies that these electrical properties from each technique’s alloy are lowest and highest at different Cu additions. This is a clear indication that different electrical properties can be imparted to the three different casting techniques depending on the optimum concentration of Cu required in the matrix to produce Pb-Sb-Cu alloy. Furthermore, the best technique for casting efficiently functional electrical components is dependent on the optimum concentration of Cu required in the matrix to permit achievement of maximum values of the associated electrical properties.

[Chukwuka I. Nwoye. Investigating the Effect of Pb-Sb-Cu Alloy Casting Techniques on Its Electrical Properties. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):61-65]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.12

Keywords: Effect, Casting Techniques, Electric current flow, Pb-Sb-Cu Alloy

Full Text

12

13

Understanding And Appreciating The Need For Biodiveesity Conservation In Nigeria

¹P. C. Aju And ²I. O. Ezeibekwe

¹ Department of Forestry and Environmental Management Technology, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo-Ohaji, P.M.B. 1472, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. E-mail: chuksaju@yahoo.com

²Imo State University, Owerri, Imo state.

Abstract: Biodiversity is becoming one of the major environmental issues of our times. The basic problem is the increased rate of extinction as a result of expanding human population, resource exploitation, land clearing and land use development. Biodiversity by definition refers to the life forms on earth and include the millions of plants, animals and micro-organisms, the genes they contain and the intricate ecosystems they help built into the living environment. Some 1.4 million species have been described but biologists now believe the total number is between 10 and 80 million. The question that may readily come to mind is why the interest in biodiversity and its conservation? Of course, biodiversity conservation is important because it forms the major part of our life-support systems. For instance biodiversity constitute the source of all our food, much of our raw materials, a wide range of goods and services and genetic materials for agriculture, medicine, industry and commerce worth millions of dollars per year. For Nigeria and other African countries, biodiversity is of critical importance to our survival as our livelihood is dependent on having free and open access to a great variety of biological resources for food, fuel, medicine. Housing materials. Farm implement and economic security. Unfortunately, these biological wealth are today seriously threatened. The greatest threat is habitat destruction and one of such habitats is the tropical rainforest. Estimated to contain between 50 and 90% of the earths species, tropical forest is the major storehouse of biodiversity. This review paper therefore tried to bring to the front burner the issue of biodiversity, its importance and how it is threatened as a way of creating the necessary awareness needed for its conservation.

[P. C. Aju And I. O. Ezeibekwe. Understanding And Appreciating The Need For Biodiveesity Conservation In Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):66-69]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.13

Keywords: Biodiveesity; Conservation; Nigeria

Full Text

13

14

Oil impact in Chad’s economic growth

Ndjedanem Demtade Nadingar, Chen Shuwang Yang

China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, P.R. China Postcode: 430074.

Full Text

14

15

Incidence of drug resistant bacteria and physicochemical properties of Ero Dam, Nigeria

^1*Oluyege Jacob Olaoluwa, ¹Oluyege Adekemi Olubukola, ²Dada Oluwaseun Deborah, ³ Ogunbanjo Oluwanike, ¹Ilesanmi Oluwatoyin, ¹Aregbesola Oladipo

¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

²Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

³Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

 *Corresponding author: Tel: 002348038228463 E-mail: jacoboluyege@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: An investigation on microbiological and physico-chemical properties of untreated and treated water from Ero-dam, Ikun-Ekiti was carried out in 2009. Samples of untreated and treated water collected from the dam and inflow rivers were analysed for total viable bacteria and coliforms using the standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was by NCCL technique. The pH ranged from 7.35 to 8.10 for both treated and untreated water sample while the temperature ranged from 24⁰C to 28⁰C. The total viable and coliform counts for all the water samples were generally high exceeding the internationally defined limits for drinking water. The isolates organisms were identified to be E. coli, Klebsiella spp Staphylococcus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Proteus spp, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus sp, Serratia marcescens and Falvobacterium spp. Twenty one multiple antibiotic resistance patterns were demonstrated by the isolated bacteria. Recommendations for an improved rural water supply scheme are suggested.

[Oluyege Jacob Olaoluwa, Oluyege Adekemi Olubukola, Dada Oluwaseun Deborah, Ogunbanjo Oluwanike, Ilesanmi Oluwatoyin, Aregbesola Oladipo. Incidence of drug resistant bacteria and physicochemical properties of Ero Dam, Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):78-85]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.15

Keywords: Antibiotics, resistance, water, treatment

Full Text

15

16

Quality Assesment Of Domestic Water In Ekpoma.

Jatto, E.O , Asia I.O.

Department Of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma

ejey2010@Gmail.Com

Abstract: The physico-chemical analysis of domestic water in Ekpoma environment shows that COD values of the sachet water are 1.60, 8.80, 1.60, 2.40, 0.80 Mg/l respectively; BOD values of the two rivers were 14 and 10 mg/l while the COD values were 41 and 38mg/l respectively. For the storage facilities (cemented concrete well, galvanized iron tanks and plastic tanks) the values of the parameters show that the water has good qualities and is fit domestic application. Rain or storm water is collected and store in cemented well, it is the main source of water during the dry season, because the is no pipe borne water in Ekpoma, where this study was carried out, hence the relevance of this research to Ekpoma community and it’s environ.

[Jatto, E.O , Asia I.O. Quality Assesment Of Domestic Water In Ekpoma. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):86-93]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.16

KEY WORDS: Eutrophication, Galvanized iron tank, cemented concrete well, Ibiekuma river, ogedekpe river.

Full Text

16

17

[Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):94-99]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). 6

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.17

Full Text

17

18

Distribution of Aerobic Bacteria in Visceral Organs of Poultry Affected By Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Nigeria

Dashe, Y.Gunya^1*, Kazeem, H. Mohammed², Abdu, P. Ayuba³, Bello Mohammed⁴, Moses G.Davou¹ and Jwander L. Daba¹.

mosesgyang@yahoo.com

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the distribution of aerobic bacteria in visceral organs of poultry affected by outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) that occurred in Nigeria between December, 2006 and July, 2007. A total of 100 poultry from 114 commercial, backyard and free range flocks infected with Haemgglutinin neuramidase (H5N1) virus within the study period were sampled. The heart, liver/gall bladder, lungs, spleen, trachea and intestine from each poultry were aseptically collected for bacteriology. Collated data from the results were put on Microsoft excel and descriptive statistical analysis was carried out using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 12.0. A total of 600 tissues were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Swabs from each tissue sample were cultured directly in Selenite F broth, MacConkey agar, 7% defibrinated Sheep Blood agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue agar. Biochemical tests were performed on presumed isolates for further confirmation. The number of birds in the affected flocks was 244,990. A total of 11 aerobic bacterial species were isolated. The frequency of bacteria by types of tissue was heart 48(8%), intestine 13(2.2%), liver 18(3%), lungs 32(5.3%), spleen 15(2.5%) and trachea 23(3.8%).

[Dashe, Y.Gunya, Kazeem, H. Mohammed, Abdu, P. Ayuba, Bello Mohammed, Moses G.Davou and Jwander L. Daba. Distribution of Aerobic Bacteria in Visceral Organs of Poultry Affected By Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):100-104]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.18

Key words: Pathogenic, Avian influenza, H5N1, Aerobic, Bacteria, Visceral, Nigeria

Full Text

18

19

Development and Studies on Deferrated-Kaolinite-Template Porous Carbons from Furfuryl alcohol.

¹C.O. Nwokem^*, ²N.C. Nwokem

¹National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

onyenwokem@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study reports the preparation of porous carbon via the template synthesis technique using kaolinite clay from Kankara, Katsina State, Nigeria as template material and poly(furfuryl alcohol) as carbon precursor. Characterization of the prepared carbon was via determination of adsorptive capacities of the prepared carbons for methylene blue (indicating mesoporosity) and iodine (indicating microporosity). The adsorptive capacity of the free PFA and templated carbons for methylene blue are 256.14mg/g and 594.61mg/g respectively. The iodine number for the free PFA and template carbons are 984.30mg/g and 602.88mg/g respectively. These results reveal a higher degree of mesoporosity in the template carbons as compared to the free PFA carbon which had a higher degree of microporosity.

[C.O. Nwokem, N.C. Nwokem. Development and Studies on Deferrated-Kaolinite-Template Porous Carbons from Furfuryl alcohol. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):105-111]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.19

Keywords: porous carbon, kaolinite, poly(furfuryl alcohol), template

Full Text

19

20

Antibacterial Properties Of The Green Alga Pithophora Oedogonia (Mont.) Wittrock

*Pamela Sukumaran and **Thevanathan, R

*Department of Botany, Women’s Christian College, Chennai 600 006. Tamilnadu India

pamelasukumaran@yahoo.com

**Professor CAS in Botany, University of Madras

Guindy campus,Chennai 600 025. Tamilnadu India

ABSTRACT: Methanol and n-hexane extracts of the green alga, Pithophora oedogonia was tested for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of common human pathogenic bacteria namely, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexnerii, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus faecalis. Methanolic extract residue dissolved in diethylether exhibited good activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. Activity of silica gel column fractions is significant and comparable to that of standard antibiotics. Chromatatron fractions recorded very low MIC values for Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli as compared to that of standard antibiotics. The findings presented in this paper suggest that the ‘nuisance alga’. Pithophora oedogonia, could serve as a potential source of biologically active natural products for pharmaceutical application.

[Pamela Sukumaran and Thevanathan, R. Antibacterial Properties Of The Green Alga Pithophora Oedogonia (Mont.) Wittrock. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):112-120]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.20

Keywords: Antibacterial Property; Green Alga; Pithophora Oedogonia; Wittrock

Full Text

20

21

In vitro Plant Regeneration from Stem Derived Callus of Artemisia Vulgaris L.

Rezvan Karami Borzabad, M.S. Sudarshana and M.H. Niranjan*

 Medicinal Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of studies in Botany, University of Mysore. Manasagangotri, Mysore. 570006, Karnataka, India.

*Corresponding author E-mail: niranmhniran@gamil.com

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the most suitable concentration of growth regulators for callus and subsequent organogenesis from stem explants of Artemisia vulgaris L. MS medium containing 1.0 mgl^-1 BAP and 3.0 mgl^-1 NAA is the optimum concentration for induction of callus. So produced callus was subcultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 1.0mgl^-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 3.0mgl^-1 gibberrelic acid (GA₃) produced the highest mean number of shoots (31.50± 0.51) per explants. Callus derived shoots rooted, in MS medium containing 0.5 mgl^-1 IAA. The rooted plants were hardened and transferred to the garden soil, showed 95 % survival rate.

[Rezvan Karami Borzabad, M.S. Sudarshana and M.H. Niranjan. In vitro Plant Regeneration from Stem Derived Callus of Artemisia Vulgaris L. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):121-125]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.21

Key Word: Artemisia vulgaris L., Stem explants, Callus induction, Regeneration

Full Text

21

22

Period Of Rotation Of Rotating Blackhole

Mark Herbert

Abstract: The Rotational Kinetic Energy of Rotating Black Hole is given by E_k = J²/2 I ……….(1). Here I = Moment of Inertia of this Black Hole, J = Angular momentum of this Black Hole. Spin parameter of rotating Black Hole is given by a = J/MC……. (2). Here M = Mass of this Black Hole, J = Angular momentum of this Black Hole. Thus, (1) becomes E_k = a² M² C²/2 I……. (3).

[Period Of Rotation Of Rotating Blackhole. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):126-127]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.22

Keywords: Rotational; Kinetic Energy; Rotating; Black Hole

Full Text

22

23

Theory of Dimensions

Ayman Kamel Abd Elsattar

National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, Aymankamel91@yahoo.com

Abstract: Previously and still newly when calculate the speed of an object moving away from the body is calculated on the basis that as long as the speed of moving object, This is what has the discovery of its mistake by the theory of dimensions is that everybody away from the body observer or moving a certain distance has its own kinetic properties depending on the different location and is in the dimension of time and its properties in terms of the rate of movement within this dimension [1]. We all know the theory of general and special relativity and achieved great results and great in the interpretation of many phenomena of the universe mobility, especially of large objects and the results of this theory of the great results towards the process that there is no speed absolute in the universe but we measure the speed of objects by other objects moving called relative speed and the results were very promising for this fact conscious recently in the early twentieth century by many scientists and most notably to activate and maximize this new concept in physics is a physicist Albert Einstein and follow that the famous mathematical equation to prove the reality of this new concept as a relative factor is estimated the change of static materials properties on the dynamic materials properties in terms of speed, time, distance and we all know this relative mathematical factor   and how it was proved mathematically.

[Ayman Kamel. Theory of dimensions. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):128-138]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.23

Key words: Relative Speed, Curvature, Light Speed, wave and Particle Motion, Black Hole, Gravity.

Full Text

23

24

Allocative Efficiency Among Maize Farmers In Imo State, Nigeria

Ohajianya, D. O;Echetama J.A;P.O Offodile; Osuagwu C.O; Henri-ukoha .A; Okereke –Ejiogu.n; Anyaoha N.O

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Technology Owerri, P. M. B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

dohajianya@yahoo.com, jechetama@yahoo.com, frankneto@yahoo.com, fnnandi@yahoo.com, nanyaoha@yahoo.com, cibekwe@yahoo.com, omafodile@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study analyzed allocative efficiency among maize farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. It specifically sought to analyze the farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics, estimate their price efficiency and its determinants. A multistage random sample of 120 maize farmers were used and interviewed with structured and validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency distribution and percentages. Stochastic translog cost and production frontier were used to estimate allocative efficiency and its determinants. Results showed that most of the farmers are active small holders and literate with many years of farming experience. Maize production was female dominated while household size was large. Maize farmers in Imo State are not operating at full price efficiency level, and this was influenced by age, farmsize, education, farming experience, extension contact, credit access, co-operative membership, household size and gender. The average maize farmer in Imo State would require a cost savings of 36.8% to attain the status of most price efficient farmer. More opportunities exist for improvement of allocative efficiency by the maize farmers.

[Ohajianya, D. O;Echetama J.A;P.O Offodile; Osuagwu C.O; Henri-ukoha .A; Okereke –Ejiogu.n; Anyaoha N.O. Allocative Efficiency Among Maize Farmers In Imo State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):139-147]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.24

Keywords: Allocative, Efficiency, Maize, Farmers, Nigeria

Full Text

24

25

Gender and Resource Productivity in Rice Production n Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Offodile P.O¹ , Ohajianya D.O² , Osuagwu C.O³, Echetama J.A⁴, Henri-Ukoha .A⁵, Okereke-Ejiogu .N⁶, Anyaoha N.O⁷, Ibekwe U.C.⁸

1. Department of Research, Nigerian Maritime Authority, Lagos

2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension,

Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria

dohajianya@yahoo.com, jechetama@yahoo.com, frankneto@yahoo.com, fnnandi@yahoo.com, nanyaoha@yahoo.com, cibekwe@yahoo.com, omafodile@yahoo.com

Abstract: The inadequacy of information on resource productivity and their differentials by gender in rice production has prevented rice farmers from knowing the resources they are yet to realize their full potentials. This study analyzed resource productivity by gender in rice production in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 130 rice farmers comprised of 65 males and 65 females from the 13 Local government areas of Ebonyi State. Data were collected with structured and validated questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and productivity model. Results showed that marginal productivity of labour, capital and land for male farmers were higher than those of female farmers, while the marginal productivity of fertilizer and seed for female farmers were higher than those of male farmers. Rice farmers should be encouraged to use more of the resource imputs since a unit change in their use increases rice output.

[Offodile P.O, Ohajianya D.O, Osuagwu C.O, Echetama J.A, Henri-Ukoha .A, Okereke-Ejiogu .N, Anyaoha N.O, Ibekwe U.C. Gender and Resource Productivity in Rice Production n Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):148-153]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.25

Keywords: Gender, Productivity, rice production, Ebonyi State

Full Text

25

26

Awareness And Use Of Insecticide Treated Net Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic At Federal Medical Centre And General Hospital Owerri. Imo State

¹Iwu, R. U; ¹Ijioma, B.C., ¹Egeruoh, A.S, ¹Awurum, I.N., ²ohalete, C.N

¹ Department Of Biology, Alvan Ikoku Federal College Of Education

² Dept. Of Microbiology Imo State University Owerri

Corresponding Author Email: rosykachi@yahoo.com.

ABSTRACT: Malaria remains a public health problem, causing significant maternal and child morbidity and mortality annually in sub-Saharan Africa. World Health Organization has recommended the use of insecticide treated nets (ITN) as vital tool in combating malaria but the public awareness of this approach vary from place to place. The study aims at assessing the Current knowledge and use of insecticide treated net among pregnant women attending ante-natal at Federal Medical Centre and General Hospital Owerri. A descriptive cross-sectional study of randomly selected 344 pregnant women for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to the extract information from the respondents. The result shows that the modal age and Education was 27 years and Tertiary respectively. Of the 344 respondents, only 89% with 0² of 223 and p-value of 3.81 at 0.05 level of significance were aware of ITN. 58.9% claimed to know about ITN through Health services while 31.2% and 9.7% knew through Mess Media / Radio / TV and friends / neighbors respectively. The modes of acquisition varied significantly from Government supply (54.6%) to purchase from health facility and friends was insignificantly different. Many reasons were adduced why people do not use ITN and this range from being expensive, causes heat, contains dangerous chemical to not preventing malaria. It is recommended that government should intensify effort in creating awareness about the benefits of ITN, through seminars, workshops and billboards.

[Iwu, R. U; Ijioma, B.C., Egeruoh, A.S, Awurum, I.N. Awareness And Use Of Insecticide Treated Net Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic At Federal Medical Centre And General Hospital Owerri. Imo State. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):154-157]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.26

Keywords: Insecticide treated nets, Awareness, pregnancy

Full Text

26

27

A Geoelectric Survey For Ground Water: A Case Study In The North Central Basementcomplex, Nigeria.

J. Raimi¹, P. Sule¹ and M.B.B. Dewu²

1. Department of Physics, A.B.U., Zaria, Nigeria.

2. Centre for Energy Research and Training, Zaria, Nigeria.

raimi.jimoh@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Nigerian Army School of Military Police (NASMP), Zaria, located in the north central basement complex and bounded by longitudes 7^o4'56.04''E and 7 ^o41'43.06'' and latitudes 11^o09'07.33''N and 11 ^o09'34.06''N, is an institution that offers training for military personals. In an attempt to understand the ground water potential of the institution, geoelectric method was employed. A total of 49 soundings were carried out with symmetric schlumberger configuration at stations located at 100m interval on 5x8 grids. 1D inversion of the data collected at the grid stations together with borehole information were used to provide information about succession and thickness of subsurface lithologies from which zones of ground water potential were delineated. In addition, Azimuthal Vertical Electrical Sounding (AVES) were carried out at three of the grid stations, with three soundings per station, to provide direction of fractured basement (an aquifer component) of the study area.

[J. Raimi, P. Sule and M.B.B. Dewu. A Geoelectric Survey For Ground Water: A Case Study In The North Central Basementcomplex, Nigeria. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):158-165]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.27

KEYWARDS: Geoelectric, AVES, Aquifer

Full Text

27

28

Chromosomal Aberrations Induced in Root Tips of Allium cepa by Squeezed Garri Extracts

Daniel I. Olorunfemi and Emmanuel O. Ehwre

Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria

danfem@yahoo.com

Abstract: The potential genotoxic effects of squeezed extracts from toasted cassava granules popularly known as garri, a popular Nigerian cassava meal, obtained from different fermentation days were investigated using the Allium cepa assay. The squeezed extracts were prepared with potable water as practiced conventionally by soaking 1-day fermented, 2-day fermented, 3-day fermented and 4-day fermented garri and squeezing out the liquid. A series of 5 onion bulbs were exposed to 1, 2.5, 5 and 10% (effluents, v/v) concentrations of each of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analyses. There was fermentation and concentration-dependent and statistically significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of root growth by the extracts when compared with the control. The EC₅₀ obtained for 1-day, 2-day, 3-day and 4-day fermented toasted cassava granules were 2.5, 2.8, 3.1 and 4.0 respectively. All the tested extracts were observed to have mitodepressive effects on cell division in the increasing order 1-day > 2-day > 3-day > 4-day fermented garri extracts. The results further go to confirm findings from other studies that proper fermentation aids in the reduction of toxic cyanogenic components present in poorly processed cassava products including garri.

[Daniel I. Olorunfemi and Emmanuel O. Ehwre. Chromosomal Aberrations Induced in Root Tips of Allium cepa by Squeezed Garri Extracts. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):166-171]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.28

Key words: garri, genotoxicity; mitotic index; cyanide; Allium cepa

Full Text

28

29

Geoelectric investigation of the aquifercharacteristics inTopo area of Badagry, Lagos State.

¹R. B. Adegbola ¹S. O. Oseni ²S. T. Sovi ¹

¹Department of Physics, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos Nigeria

²Solid Minerals Department, Office Of Special Adviser on Mineral Resources Development, Alausa, Lagos, Nigeria

E-mail: adegbolaji@yahoo.comHYPERLINK "mailto:adegbolaji@yahoo.com,%20husseinsaheed@yahoo.co.uk", HYPERLINK "mailto:adegbolaji@yahoo.com,%20husseinsaheed@yahoo.co.uk"husseinsaheed@yahoo.co.uk,muhtijan@yahoo.com

Abstract: Vertical electrical sounding using schlumberger configurations were conducted in LASU Foundation programme site, Topo Badagry, Lagos state to investigate the aquifer characteristics and ground water status. The ABEM terrameter (SAS 1000) was utilized in data acquisition with current electrode separation (AB) varying from 1 m up to 400 m. The field data was interpreted using the software called WingLink. The result shows that the topsoil had resistivity value ranging from 547.65 to 1162.08Ωm with thickness range of 1.00 to 1.4m. The second geoelectric layer depicted a sand formation with resistivity ranging from 290.75 to 2891.88Ωm and thickness of 2.38 to 10.36m.This aquiferous layer is expected to contain a relative good quality groundwater but due to its closeness to the surface it may be prone to salt water intrusion. The third layer resistivity values ranges from 18.07 to 784.05Ωm with a thickness of 1.05 to 16.69 m. The aquifer contained a relatively good quality groundwater. The forth layer however has resistivity value in the range of 65.8 to 668.33Ωm indicative of saline brackish water resulting from the saline/Brakish nature of the coastal river which serve as a recharge unit for the aquifers in the study area.

[R. B. Adegbola S. O. Oseni S. T. Sovi. Geoelectric investigation of the aquifercharacteristics inTopo area of Badagry, Lagos State. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):172-180]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.29

Keywords: aquiferous zone, vertical electrical sounding, geolelectric layer, brackish, coastal

Full Text

29

30

Effect of marjoram leaves on injured liver in experimental rats

Abd El-Ghany, M. A & Nanees , Y. El-Metwally

Home Economics Dept, Faculty of Specific Education, Mansoura University, Egypt.

E mail: Ismaelahmed1@yahoo.com

Abstract: This Study aimed to determinate some chemical composition of marjoram and investigates the treatment effect of marjoram leaves, hydro-alcoholic extract and essential oils on injured liver in experimental rats. 30 adult male Sprague Dawely rats classified into normal control (five rats) and liver injured rats groups which were non-treated group and treated groups with silymarin, marjoram leaves powder , oil and extract(each five rats).The chemical composition of marjoram leaves showed higher value of ash, protein, carbohydrate and fiber in dry weight than marjoram weight weight. Phenolic fractionations of marjoram in descending manner were protocathoic, chlorogenic, catechol, coumarone, cinnamic, caffein, vanillic, caffeic, synergic and chrisin. Marjoram leaves oils fractionations in descending manner were terpinene-4-ol, P-cymene, myrcene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene borneol, limonene, α-Pinene ,eugenol and sabinene. In compared to non treated group, the treated group with silymarin showed a significant decrease in final weight, weight gain, weight gain percent and FER and also serum ALT &AST, ALP, creatinine and total bilirubin , MDA ,liver cholesterol and total lipids but a significant increase in serum globulin ,serum CAT, liver TAC and in both serum and liver SOD . The treated group with marjoram leaves showed a significant decrease in gain percent and serum ALT &AST, creatinine, uric acid .total bilirubin , MDA, liver triglycerides, liver cholesterol and liver total lipids but a significant increase in serum globulin , serum CAT , liver TAC and liver SOD. The treated group with marjoram oil showed a significant decrease in final weight, weight gain, weight gain percent and FER and also serum ALT, ALP, creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin ALP, MDA and liver triglycerides but a significant increase in globulin, liver cholesterol while treated group with marjoram extract showed a significant decrease in final weight, weight gain, weight gain percent and FER and also serum ALT, ALP, creatinine ,uric acid , total bilirubin ,liver triglycerides but a significant inecrease in globulin ,liver cholesterol.The treated groups with silymarin, marjoram leaves, oil and extract showed a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c , VLDL-c and CHO/HDLc and a significant increase in serum HDL-c but a significant increase in serum TAC and liver CAT but a significant decrease in liver MDA.

[Abd El-Ghany, M. A & Nanees , Y. El-Metwally. Effect of marjoram leaves on injured liver in experimental rats. Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):181-191]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.30

Key words: marjoram leaves; injured liver; rats; hydro-alcoholic

Full Text

30

31

Impact of Climatic Changes (Oxygen and Temperature) on Growth and Survival rate of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Noor El Deen , A. I.E. and Mona S. Zaki

Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Division, National Research Centre

dr_ahmednoor2002@yahoo.com.

Abstract: The aimed of the study is discuss the effects of climatic changes (oxygen and temperature) on growth, immunity and survival rate Of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in cement ponds. Fish were divided into 2 groups of ponds with covered different system of polyethylene sheet as 100% covered and group of ponds without polyethylene sheet and use different water temperature, then each group are divided to three group with different oxygen level i.e. 3 , 5, or 10 for 20 days. Fish were fed on pelleted commercial feed containing 25% protein with a rate of 2- 5 % of total biomass according to water temperature. The obtained results can be summaries as follows: (1) The best survival rate and growth performance are showed in group that is totally covered by polyethylene sheet at 23 oC and oxygen level 10 had significant effects on growth, immunity and survival rate, while at 18 oC and oxygen level 3 hadn't significant effects on growth, immunity and survival rate Due to decreased temperature and decrease oxygen that increased fish mortality for non covered ponds with polyethylene sheet. In conclusion, growth rate, immunity and survival were significantly affected by pond depth and water temperature. It is recommended to use covered 100% polyethylene sheet and aerators which better way to increase fish production in fish ponds.

[Noor El Deen , A. I.E. and Mona S. Zaki. Impact of Climatic Changes (Oxygen and Temperature) on Growth and Survival rate of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Report and Opinion 2010;2(12):192-195]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj021210.31

Key words: Nile tilapia, climatic change, water temperature, fish survival, growth and immunity

Full Text

31