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Zen and the Art of Founding Mathematics

Kees Beukering

Dutch Mountain Research Group of non-existence

Kees@beukering.nl

Abstract: The process of attaching a ribbon to each tree in a field will be analysed in order to construct the notion 'number' which apparently involves two components; separating an inside from an outside and linear order. Instead of using a worldview that involves separation, a method based on synthesis will be introduced as a means to reveal a thought pattern which has a fractal-like structure. This method, which is associated with fractal logic, leads up to an alternative worldview and the term 'fractalism' is coined. Fractalism does not appear to contradict science and is contrasted with philosophies such as formalism, constructivism and platonism to make clear that fractalism belongs to a different school of thought. The fractilian 'school' will be described and its difficulties discussed. In a search for the 'foundations of mathematics', Gödel's incompleteness theorems are highlighted and it will be put forward that the Gödel sentence has the characteristic of a fractal, i.e., self-similarity on the level of not being provable. Consequently, fractalism offers a possible solution for the foundational crisis within mathematics. It will be explained how fractalism results in a theory of invariance, although to accept this theory one has to break free from the old-established view that self-evidence suits truth. Ultimately, the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences is discussed so as to demonstrate the illusiveness behind this effectiveness due to the creation of a reality-within-reality.

[Beukering K. Zen and the Art of Founding Mathematics. Rep Opinion 2012;4(6):1-17]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.01

Key words: number; linear order; separation; coherent; insight; Cartesian; ego; worldview; form; essence; empty; analysis; synthesis; logic; fractal order; self-similar; scale invariance; crisis; reality-within-reality.

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Histo-Pathological Changes in Leaves Cells of Squash Plants infected with Squash leaf curl begomovirus (SqLCV)

^*1Mohamed, E.F., ²Azza G. Farag, ¹Osman T.A.M and ³Eman A.A.

1. Botany Dept., Fac. Agric., Fayoum University, Egypt.

2. Virus and Phytoplasma Res. Dept., Plant Pathology Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt (The present address: Biotechnology Dept., Faculty of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia, KSA)

3. Virus and Phytoplasma Res. Dept., Plant Pathology Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt.

*emaddwidar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV) was isolated from squash plants cultivated in Fayoum Governorate. Field inspection of squash leaf curl viral disease was determined according to visual symptoms. Squash plants naturally diseased with SqLCV showed systemic viral symptoms of leaf curling, leaf crinkle, vein banding, fruit malformation and stunting. Virus was confirmed using PCR. Bemisia tabaci insect was able to transmit SqLCV from infected to healthy squash seedlings. The resultant purified virus preparation gave a UV spectrum typical of nucleoprotein. Maximum and minimum absorbance was recorded at 257 and 245 nm, respectively. The purified virus yield obtained in this study was 1.1 mg/ml/100g leaf tissues using the extraction coefficient of 7.7. Light microscopy was used to recognize the effect of Squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV) on the anatomy structure of different organelles such as stem, leaf petiole and leaf blade. The results obtained showed that: Infection of squash plants by Squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV) led to a decrease in stem section diameter by (10.9%), this decrease was due to the decrease in average diameter of cavity by (33.3%). While, other stem components measurements were showed an increase in its measurements; infection of squash plants by SqLCV decreased the section diameter of leaf petiole by (24.4%), this decrease resulted from the decrease in average thickness of ground tissue by 25% and decrease of average diameter of cavity by 17.9%. While, the other leaf petiole components was less affected; squash leaves were greatly affected as a result of the infection Squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV). This infection was led to an increase in midvein dimension by (22.2% x 28.0%). This increase resulted from the increase in midvein vascular bundle dimension by (127.3 x 76.9%). Electron microscopy was used to recognize the internal changes on internal organelles due to infection of Squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV). The results obtained showed that, severe damage in chloroplasts including thylakoids in grana; uneven thickening in the cell walls resulted from developing the curly symptoms in squash leaves; severe damage in mitochondria; aggregates of cytoplasm; nucleus becomes swelled.

[Mohamed E.F., Azza G. Faragm, Osman T.A.M and Eman A.A. Histo-Pathological Changes in Leaves Cells of Squash Plants infected with Squash leaf curl begomovirus (SqLCV). Rep Opinion 2012;4(6):18-29]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.02

Key words: Squash leaf curl virus; SqLCV; Histology; Electron microscopy; light microscopy

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A Glance at Ending Consonant Clusters in Abadeh Tashk Dialect

Faranak Ramezani

Department of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht branch, Marvdasht, Iran

Emails: scientificgroup@hotmail.com

Abstract: Dialects are clusters of one language, such as Persian dialects, Tati, Kurdish, bellucci, Lori, Mazandarani, etc, are different dialects of one Iranian language that are called as "Iranian Primary Language" by Iran Kalbasi. Abadeh Tashk dialect is a part of Lori dialect and among Iranian Western languages and is regarded as South-West Iranian languages. The author has tried to analyze this dialect from the respect of consonant clusters. When some consonants are placed together, they will be called "consonant clusters. Therefore, the composting processes could be optimized by the application of the developed simulation model.

[Faranak Ramezani. A Glance at Ending Consonant Clusters in Abadeh Tashk Dialect. Rep Opinion 2012;4(6):30-32]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.03

Key words: Consonant clusters, ending cluster

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The Utopia of Farzaneh Khojandi's Poems

SOHEILA HOSSEINI, AHMAD MANSOURIRAZI¹, AYYUB MANSOURI¹

Farhangian University

S.Hosseini@gmx.com

Abstract: Utopia is the Ideal society that has been a wish since old times. Utopia is analyzed in different aspects, and there are various definitions of that. As an example, a mystic have a nostalgic look at it. Based on this view, the present article has had a brief look at utopia in the beginning, and has analyzed some samples of Farzaneh Khojandi's utopias through introducing Tajik literature and Khojandi's poem collections.

[SOHEILA HOSSEINI, AHMAD MANSOURIRAZI, AYYUB MANSOURI. The Utopia of Farzaneh Khojandi's Poems. Rep Opinion 2012;4(6):33-36]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.04

Key words: Utopia, Ideal Society, Shar-e-Behesht-e-Aghoosh (translated as "Paradise City, My Embrace")

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The growth rate and histology of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juveniles fed Antibiotics (Oxytetracycline and Furasol) treated Feed

*Muyideen O. Lawal, Ademola Z. Aderolu and Dorothy O. Ezenwanne

Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria

mlawal@unilag.edu.ng

Abstract: Effects of Oxytetraxycline (OTC) and Furasol (FRS) on the growth performance and stomach wall lining of Clarias gariepinus were investigated over a period of 10 weeks. The control group (CTR) was fed with Diet 1 which contained no treatment while antibiotics were mixed with 100 g of commercial feed at the concentrations of 0.20% OTC (Diet 2), 0.4% OTC (Diet 3), 0.15% FRS (Diet 4), and 0.3% FRS (Diet 5). Fish were fed to satiation twice daily (0830 and 1600 h) while their water was changed every other day. With the exception of fish fed Diets 3 and 4, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the average weight gain (AWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) in treated fish compared with CTR. At 0.20 and 0.40 % OTC, SGR of fish were 2.59±0.03 and 2.1±0.21 respectively while at 0.15 and 0.30 % FRS, SGR of fish were 1.67±0.07 and 2.57±0.06 respectively. Average feed intake (AFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly difference (p > 0.05) between the CTR group and other experimental fish with the exception of fish fed diet 4. The best (0.73±0.07) and least (1.35±0.10) performances for FCR were recorded in fish fed diets 4 and 1 respectively. Severe impairments were observed on the stomach lining at 0.40% OTC and 0.30% FRS compared with mild impairments that were recorded at 0.20% OTC and 0.15% FRS inclusion levels. Implications of these findings are discussed. The growth rate and histology of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juveniles fed Antibiotics (Oxytetracycline and Furasol) treated Feed. Lawal MO, Aderolu AZ, Ezenwanne DO. Rep Opinion 2012;4(6):37-42]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.05

Key words: Oxytetracycline, furasol, antibiotics, growth performance, C. gariepinus

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Relative and Absolute Fecundity of Schizothorax Niger and Schizothorax Esocinus at Dacchigam National Park Kashmir

Ulfat Jan, G. Mustafa Shah and Aijaz Ahmad Bhat

Post Graduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir Srinagar190006.

.aijazafzal@gmail.com

Abstract: Schizothorax niger and Schizothorax esocinus were cultured on artificial diet at Dachigam National Park. The diet was composed of fish meal, Soya, mustard cake, wheat bran and rice bran. The feed was provided twice daily. Fishes having almost equal size and weight were selected. The results observed indicated that the absolute fecundity of S.niger was more as compare to S esocinus.Where as the relative fecundity of S.niger was less than S.esocinus. The P. Value for absolute and relative fecundity is 0.6467 and 0.8901 considered not significant.

[Ulfat Jan, G. Mustafa Shah and Aijaz Ahmad Bhat. Relative and Absolute Fecundity of Schizothorax Niger and Schizothorax Esocinus at Dacchigam National Park Kashmir. Report and Opinion 2012;4(6):43-46]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.06

Key Words: Schizothorax niger, Schizothorax esocinus, relative fecundity, absolute fecundity.

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Estimation of biogenic amines in salted – fermented fish and some fish products in Cairo Markets with special references to its storage

Amal A. Raslan¹ and Ayman Hamed ²

1.The veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University

2.Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Amalraslan104@yahoo.com

Abstract: The main objective of the present study is to analyze major biogenic amines in Feseekh and sardine (salted) and other some commercial fish products to determine the con­centrations of biogenic amine during different storage temperatures and durations. Seven different kinds of fish product samples, according to the type and part of fish used for prepara­tion, were purchased at the local department stores and transported in ice to the laboratory. Samples were analyzed for biogenic amine content. All samples were purchased and stored at three different temperatures, 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ^oC. The concentration of bio­genic amines was determined after 20 days and at 40 and 60 days of storage. Extraction of the samples and HPLC determination of biogenic amines were carried out. In summary, most commercial fish product samples contained only trace amounts (below 200 mg/kg) of biogenic amines, and the concentrations did not change significantly during various storage conditions, indicat­ing that these samples are safe for human consumption. However, further studies are required to control the concentrations of biogenic amines under proper storage condition, since the contents of biogenic amines tend to increase in the concentration as the storage temperature increases. The results showed that the free amino acid and biogenic amines content of Feseekh fish high and low salt and other fish products increased significantly dur­ing long time of ripening and storage. So it could be concluded that salted-fermented fish (Fes­eekh, sardine and meloha) can be consumed without any health risks between 20 and 40 days, but it could be hazardous after 60 days, due to the in­creased free amino acids and biogenic amine content.

[Amal A. Raslan and Ayman Hamed. Estimation of biogenic amines in salted – fermented fish and some fish products in Cairo Markets with special references to its storage. Rep Opinion 2012;4(6):47-52]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.07

Key words: Biogenic amines- storage temperatures- HPLC- Feseekh- Sardine- Meloha-Duration.

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Optimization of Release from Dam Reservoirs to the Agriculture Demands (Case study: Jarreh dam to Ramhormoz Irrigation and drainage network, Khuzistan)

Saeed Boroomand-Nasab¹, Shadman Veysi^{2, *}, Moghadam Veysi³

1. Professor of Irrigation and Drainage, ShahidChamran University if Ahvaz, Faculty of Water Sciences. boroomand@scu.ac.ir

2. MSc Irrigation and Drainage, Shahid Chamran University, Faculty of Water Science. Tel: 09356726395. shadman2010@yahoo.com

3. MSc Student of Power system, Kurdistan University, Faculty of Engineering. m.vaisi1356@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper presents a Genetic Algorithm (GA) model for finding the optimaloperating release of reservoir, located on the river Zard, a major tributary of the basinAllah. In the presented research mathematical optimization models were used to Management and optimize the release and storage volume from Jarreh dam reservoir. For reach this objective using monthly inflow time series to the reservoir dam in the 40 years (1971-2010) and was using probability distribution the inflow to the Reservoir with different percent. For the purpose of minimization different between release and demand, a non-linear optimization was developed and excused using Matlab software and genetic algorithm tool box method. The water demand for crops in the Ramhormoz irrigation and drainage network was calculated using Penman-Montieth method and finally calculated monthly demand. The results showed that the release from dam in the different inflow was not meeting the monthly demands in Ramhormoz Irrigation and drainage network.

[Saeed Boroomand-Nasab, Shadman Veysi, Moghadam Veysi. Optimization of Release from Dam Reservoirs to the Agriculture Demands (Case study: Jarreh dam to Ramhormoz Irrigation and drainage network, Khuzistan). Rep Opinion 2012;4(6):53-58]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8

doi:10.7537/marsroj040612.08

Keywords: Optimization, Genetic Algorithm, Reservoir operation, Ramhormoz

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