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Antifungal Efficacy of Camazeb and Rhizosphere Bacteria on Damping Off Disease of Tomato Caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Fatuyi Olanipekun Ekundayo¹ and Ganiyu F. Hassan²

¹Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

²Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

foekundayo2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: The antifungal efficacy of camazeb (fungicide) was determined on damping off disease of tomato caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Tomato seeds were planted in the soil samples (1.5 kg each) in which six different concentrations of camazeb (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 g/100ml) was applied and inoculated with or without Rhizoctonia solani. Plants were observed on the 30th day. Rhizosphere bacteria were isolated after 30 days of germination and harvesting. In vitro inhibitory effects of the isolated bacteria were compared with camazeb against Rhizoctonia solani. Damping off disease led to the death of tomato seedlings where R. solani was inoculated. It was observed that plants were healthy at 0.25g/100ml of camazeb in soil inoculated with R. solani. However, higher concentrations of camazeb (2.00 and 400g/100ml) were detrimental to tomato seedlings.  Colony count of bacteria reduced from 14 ± 4.0 × 10³ cfu/g at 0.00g/100ml to 5 ± 1.0 × 10³ cfu/g at 4.00g/100ml of camazeb. The bacteria isolated from rhizosphere soil were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus thuringiensis, B. lentimorbus and B. subtilis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa had higher zone of inhibition (38.80mm) against R. solani than camazeb (23.83mm) at 4.00g/100ml. Therefore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be exploited as biocontrol agent of Rhizoctonia solani.

Ekundayo FO, Hassan, GF. Antifungal Efficacy of Camazeb and Rhizosphere Bacteria on Damping Off Disease of Tomato Caused by Rhizoctonia solani Rep Opinion 2012;4(11):1-6]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1

doi:10.7537/marsroj041112.01

Keywords: camazeb, rhizosphere bacteria, damping off disease

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Assessing Criteria of empowering rural women in developing countries

Abbas Emami ¹, Maryam Khodamoradi², Mehran Bozorgmanesh ³ and Esmaeel Ghorbani ⁴

^1,2,3,4 Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rural women’s financial self-reliance has many social & economic influence as it made them self-sufficiency, it changes economic behavior and it makes women independent, it will be effective in economic development in family & society, it also improve the women’s roles in society and it causes self-confidence in women, it builds family strength and it causes to respect the women rights more than before and women will become equal with men in all their rights, of course we won’t have patriarchy in the family. The women’s empowerment in the rural society will increase because of all the aspects of rural women’s self-reliance and their position will be confirmed.

[Abbas Emami, Maryam Khodamoradi, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Esmaeel Ghorbani. Assessing Criteria of empowering rural women in developing countries. Rep Opinion 2012;4(11):7-11]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2

doi:10.7537/marsroj041112.02

Keywords: rural women, empowerment

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Increase the efficiency of adult education

Esmaeel Ghorbani, Maryam Khodamoradi, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami

Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Much like strategies to curb epidemic, strategies to reduce illiteracy and raise the educational attainment of Kentucky’s population must include both short-term efforts to face the immediate crises as well as long-term strategies to get at the underlying causes. Short-term crises include the imperative to keep helping welfare clients make the transition from welfare to work within the constraints of federal and state mandates and the need to train workers for immediate employer demands. Long-term prevention must address the underlying, persistent problems of the state’s economic structure as well as the low awareness--if not appreciation--among segments of the population of the vital connection among education, employment, and improved standards of living.

[Esmaeel Ghorbani, Maryam Khodamoradi, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami. Increase the efficiency of adult education. Rep Opinion 2012;4(11):12-15]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3

doi:10.7537/marsroj041112.03

Keywords: adult education, distance learning

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The Relationship between Workplace Spirituality and organizational Loyalty; the Mediator role of Structural Empowerment

Alireza Mooghali

Department of Management, Payame Noor University, I.R. Iran

Abstract: The current research examines the mediator role of structural empowerment in the relationship between organizational spirituality and loyalty in Telecommunication Company of Fars province. Based on the research results, the structural empowerment plays a mediator role in the relationship. So, the main question remains that how is the impact of the structural empowerment on the loyalty and what amount of variances in loyalty can be predicted from structural empowerment.

[Alireza Mooghali. The Relationship between Workplace Spirituality and organizational Loyalty; the Mediator role of Structural Empowerment. Rep Opinion 2012;4(11):16-18]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4

doi:10.7537/marsroj041112.04

Keywords: Empowerment, Spirituality, Structural empowerment, mediator role, Loyalty

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Importance of Adult Learning Principles

Esmaeel Ghorbani¹ , Maryam Khodamoradi² , Mehran Bozorgmanesh³ and Abbas Emami⁴

^1,2,3,4 Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Adults learn most effectively when they have an inner motivation to develop a new skill or gain new knowledge. They resist learning material if it is forced on them, or if the only reason given is that the material will, in some vague way, be "good for them to know." Adults need to know why they are being asked to learn something; and they definitely will want to know what the benefits will be before they begin learning. This means the best motivators for adult learners are explicit interest and self benefit. If they can be shown that the program will benefit them pragmatically and practically, they will learn better, and the benefits will be much longer lasting. Typical motivations include a desire for better handling of personal money matters, say in retirement, wanting a new or first job, promotion, job enrichment, a need to reinforce old skills in say, handling credit or learn new ones, a need to adapt to community changes such as on-line banking and so on. Remember the tone of the program should be motivating.

[Esmaeel Ghorbani, Maryam Khodamoradi, Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Abbas Emami. Importance of Adult Learning Principles. Rep Opinion 2012;4(11):19-22]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5

doi:10.7537/marsroj041112.05

Keywords: adult education, Adult Learning

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Anti-stress Effects of Camellia Sinensis in Rats Subjected to Restraint Stress

Amal, A. Fyiad

Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. amalfyiad@yahoo.com

Abstract: This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Camellia sinensis (green tea) on immobilization stress-induced oxidative damage in male Sprague – Dawley rats. Twenty four rats were divided into four groups each of six rats. Group (I): served as control group, Group (II): rats were given green tea extract alone in drinking bottles (1% w/v)/ day for 2 weeks, Group (III): restraint stress group, animals were subjected to immobilization/ stress 4 h/day for 2 weeks, Group (IV): in this group, stressed rats were treated with green tea (1% w/v )/ day for 2 weeks. At the end of the experiment the animals were sacrificed and three different brain parts of animals (cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem) were taken for biochemical studies. Malondialdehyde (MDA) a marker of lipid peroxidation, nucleic acids and total protein were estimated in three different brain parts of animals. Obtained results revealed that restraint stress caused a significant elevation in the rate of lipid peroxidation, reduction in nucleic acids and protein as compared to control in all three parts of brain of rats. Treatment with green tea extract counteracted the restraint stress-induced changes in these biochemical parameters. In conclusion; this study indicate the protective nature of green tea (GT) extract on different brain parts against the detrimental effect of restraint stress.

[Amal, A. Fyiad. Anti-stress Effects of Camellia Sinensis in Rats Subjected to Restraint Stress. Rep Opinion 2012;4(11):23-30]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6

doi:10.7537/marsroj041112.06

Keywords: restraint stress, MDA, protein, nucleic acids, Camellia sinensis, brain.

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