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Prevalence of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in fresh Cabbage and Lettuce sold in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

Odu Ngozi Nma and Okomuda Mary Oruese

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

ngozi.odu@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: To assess the microbial quality of cabbage and lettuce, fourteen samples of the two vegetable were purchased from different markets. In order to study the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in cabbage and lettuce, samples of these two vegetables were analyzed using standard bacteriological methods. The result revealed that out of fourteen samples examined, Salmonella spp. was present in 6 (42.9%) while Escherichia coli were present in 12 (85.7%) samples. This showed that Escherichia coli were most predominant over Salmonella spp. It showed that Salmonella spp. was present in samples A, B and G while E. coli was present in all cabbage samples. For lettuce, Salmonella spp. was only present in samples A, B and E while E. coli was present in sample A, B, C, E and G. This study has further confirmed the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in fresh cabbage and lettuce sold in Port Harcourt, Metropolis, Nigeria. The need for microbial assessment of these vegetables for production of food salads and for other use cannot be over emphasized to reduce possible contamination.

[Odu Ngozi Nma and Okomuda Mary Oruese. Prevalence of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in fresh Cabbage and Lettuce sold in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Rep Opinion, 2013,5(3):1-8] (ISSN: 1553-9865) http://www.sciencepub.net/reports.  1

doi:10.7537/marsroj050313.01

Keywords: Cabbage, Lettuce, Prevalence, Salmonella spp., E. coli

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Cultivation of Some overlooked Bulbous Ornamentals-A review on its commercial viability

Afroz Alam¹, Mudassar Iqbal², Sharad Vats¹*

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology

¹Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk-304 022 (Rajasthan)

²Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

vats_sharad@yahoo.co.in, afrozalamsafvi@gmail.com

Abstract: Bulbous plants are often used as ornamental plants. The subterranean organs of these plants store moisture, nutrients and other essential for plant survival. Adaptation to tough environments makes bulbous plants invaluable in a garden setting. They can be planted under shrubs or between perennials in the flower border or can be naturalized informally in lawns and orchards, or formally in seasonal bedding display. For splashes of color all around the garden, bulbous plants can also be planted in pots. Bulbous plants ring the seasonal changes throughout the year with glorious flower display. Though the bulbous crops have potential for cultivation but only a few bulbous crops like Tuberose, Heliconia, Alstromeria and Gladiolus are commercially exploited. Other bulbous crops like Tulips, Aamaryllis and Narcissus are also popularly known as cut flowers worldwide. In India these crops along with other bulbous crops still remain minor crops in terms of commercial value. There are many other bulbous crops like Achimenes, Canna, Cooperia, Crinum, Croccus, Dahlia, Eucharis, Gloriosa, Hemerocallis, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Nelumbo, Zephyranthus and these are popular only as garden or landscape components in India. This review deals with some overlooked bulbous crops which can be exploited commercially.

[Afroz Alam, Mudassar Iqbal, Sharad Vats. Cultivation of Some overlooked Bulbous Ornamentals-A review on its commercial viability. Rep Opinion, 2013,5(3):9-34] (ISSN: 1553-9865) http://www.sciencepub.net/reports. 2

doi:10.7537/marsroj050313.02

Keywords: Ornamental plants, bulb, cultivation, commercial crops.

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Selecting an appropriate marketing mix using FUZZY AHP technique with an approach on marketing strategies in Nikta Company

Ali Sorayaei¹, Mohammad Reza Fathi², Elahe.babapour³

1.     Assistant Professor and Member of Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran,

2.                    Ph.D student of Operations and Production Management Faculty of Management, University of Tehran,

3.                    MSc Students of Business Management, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran

sorayaei@gmail.com, reza.fathi@ut.ac.ir, Elahe.babapour @yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study is to select the appropriate marketing mix with marketing strategies approach in the Nikta Company in Tehran. Based on comprehensive review of literature relating to the marketing mix and also based on a conceptual model of P4 and the six criteria we arranged a questionnaire and gave it to 30 samples selected from the census sampling. In this study, to asses reliability of the questionnaire, conflict rate and Cronbach's alpha methods used and reliability of the questionnaire has been approved. In this study, Excel software, SPSS software version 18 and the FUZZY AHP technique is used for data analysis. The results suggest that in elements of the marketing mix, the priority is ordered as: promotion and advancement with the sales, distribution, sale price and product. In the promotion mix, respectively the priorities are with the internet, sales staff, participating in the exhibitions, direct marketing, public relations, store atmosphere and media advertising. In the distribution mix, respectively the priorities are with an appropriate location, stock, transport, sort of goods, delivery on time. In the sales price mix, respectively the priorities are with credit conditions, price list, installment sales, discounts and bonuses, and matching the sales price. In product mix, respectively the priorities are with product size, continuity of service, product variety, design and product beauty, product quality, type and form of packaging.

[Ali Sorayaei, Mohammad Reza Fathi, Elahe.babapour. Selecting an appropriate marketing mix using FUZZY AHP technique with an approach on marketing strategies in Nikta Company. Rep Opinion, 2013,5(3):35-41] (ISSN: 1553-9865) http://www.sciencepub.net/reports. 3

doi:10.7537/marsroj050313.03

Keywords: marketing mix - product - price - place – promotion- technique- FUZZY AHP.

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