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Social support and health-related quality of life among older adults: a descriptive study

Mahboubeh Dakhteh Harouni¹, Meimanat Hosseini^1*, Hamid Alavi Majd², Farideh Yaghmaie¹, Ali Montazeri^3*

¹Department of Community Health Nursing. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

² Department of Biostatics. Faculty of Paramedical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

³Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Background: Social support is presently receiving increased attention in health care. Many few studies investigated about the association of social support and health among elderly people in Iran. The purpose of the study was to ascertain if a relationship exists between social support and health-related quality of life of older adults. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. The study participants were 180 elders aged 60 years and over living in Tehran, Iran. In addition to demographic information the Social Support Scale (SSS) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed in a descriptive fashion. Results: The findings showed a high level of perceived social support among older adults. The highest and lowest aspects of health-related quality of life derived from the SF-36 were social functioning and physical functioning, respectively. Furthermore the results from Spearman test indicated that there were significant correlation between social support and all aspects of the SF-36. The correlation between social support and vitality was the highest. Conclusion: The findings suggest that social support could play an important role in improving health-related quality of life of older adults.

[Mahboubeh Dakhteh Harouni, Meimanat Hosseini, Hamid Alavi Majd, Farideh Yaghmaie, Ali Montazeri. Social support and health-related quality of life among older adults: a descriptive study. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):1-6]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.01

Keywords: Social Support, health-related quality of life, Older adults

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Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Assets for Value Creation

H. Haghshenas¹ G. Barzegar²

¹M.A. Islamic Azad University, South-Tehran Branch

²Faculty Member at University of Mazandaran

Abstract: In knowledge-based economy, the intellectual capital is used for value creation in the organization, and in today's world, the success of any organization depends on its ability to manage these assets. In the ultra-competitive era, organizations are facing an environment characterized by increasing complexity, mobility and globalization. Therefore, to sustain, organizations are facing new challenges and releasing these challenges requires paying more attention to development and nurturing the inner skills and abilities. This is done through the basics of intellectual capital and knowledge assets which are used by organizations to reach a better performance in the business world. Knowledge and intellectual capital are recognized as a sustainable strategy to achieve and maintain the competitive advantage of organizations. Nowadays, because of the increasing importance of knowledge and intellectual capital in corporates sustainability and the unmatched role they play in maintaining the competitive position, several studies have addressed the intellectual capital and its components from different aspects. This study first specifies the history and the definition and components of intellectual capital, and then features of all components are discussed. In addition, the importance aspects of intellectual capital, the measurement objectives, as well as methods used for classification of intellectual capital measuring are also discussed and analyzed.

[H. Haghshenas G. Barzegar. Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Assets for Value Creation. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):7-12]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.02

Keywords: intellectual capital, knowledge assets, knowledge-based economy, value creation

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Bio-Deterioration Of Shea Butter Fruit (Vitellaria Paradoxa) In Storage And Its Effects On The Nutrient Composition

O. A. Ojo and T. A Adebayo

Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

+2348036934084

^*Correspondence email: ojo.cep@hotmail.com

Abstract: The bio-deterioration of shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) in storage and its effect on the nutrients composition of the fruit was investigated in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria. Freshly dropped fruits were stored under laboratory for a period of 40 days. Eight fungi were isolated, which were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Botrydiplodia theombromae, Botryosphaeria spp., Colletotrichum gleosphoriedes, Lisidiplodia spp., Pseudofasicocum spp. and Trichoderma viridae. However, B. theobromae and Lisidiplodia theobromae were respectively the most predominant of all the isolates followed by P. heterospora. Pseudofasicocum spp. and A. niger while T. viridae was the least encountered. It is clearly revealed from the study that A. niger, B. theobromae, Botryosphaeria spp. and P. theobromae were highly pathogenic while A. flavus, L. theobromae and Pseudofasicocum spp. were moderately pathogenic. In addition, only C. gleosphoroides were slightly pathogenic while T. viridae was non – pathogenic. It is clearly revealed from the study, that all the fungal isolates were isolated from the shea butter fruit throughout the 40DAS with the exception of T. viridae. Also, right from 30DAS, shea butter fruit inoculated with A. niger, B. theobromae, Botryosphaeria spp. and P. theobromae respectively developed extensive rotting with offensive odour. In addition, the result showed that the carbohydrate, moisture content, crude fibre, ash, ascorbic acid and energy respectively decreases significantly (P≥0.05) with increase in the days after storage while crude protein decrease significantly. Furthermore, all mineral contents analyzed decreased significantly (P≥0.05) with increase in days after storage. The significance of bio–deterioration of shea butter fruit in storage and its effects on the nutrient composition is here in discussed.

[O. A. Ojo and T. A Adebayo. Bio-deterioration of shea butter fruit (vitellaria paradoxa) in storage and its effects on the nutrient composition. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):13-18]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.03

Keywords: Vitellaria paradoxa, bio-deterioration, shea butter fruit, storage, nutrient composition, fungal isolates

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Surveying the relationship between the auditor independence and rate of audit fees change in Tehran Stock Exchange (Iran)

Mahmod Nozarpour

 Student of Persian Gulf International Educational Branch-Islamic Azad University- Khorramshahr-Iran

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between auditor independence and audit fees of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Discretionary accruals used to measure independent auditors. Research data using statistical sample of 80 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2005-2010 have been analyzed in the method of least squares regression analysis and the combined data. Study includes two hypotheses that they investigate the relationship between company auditor independence and changing the audit fees with the change of company size. It means, with increasing auditor independence, audit fees paid to auditors also increased. Also, the hypothesis test results showed that the larger the size of the client company, additional fees paid to the auditors.

[Mahmod Nozarpour. Surveying the relationship between the auditor independence and rate of audit fees change in Tehran Stock Exchange (Iran). Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):19-23]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.04

Keywords: audit fees, discretionary accruals, auditor independence, corporate size

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Effective time management at the University of Taif, Saudi Arabia From the standpoint of Leaders, academics

"Exploratory field study on colleges and university branches -Tourbah- Khourmah- Ranyah"

Dr Niemat Mohammed Saaid Bushara ^1, Dr Mohamed Almoutaz Almojtaba Ibrahim ²

1. Department of Business Administration University, Taif - Saudi Arabia.

2. Department of Accounting and Auditing University, Taif - Saudi Arabia.

 almoutazanab@yahoo.com

Abstract: The problem of the study is the effectiveness of time management from the perspective of academic leaders in Saudi universities, and whether there are statistically significant differences in the responses of the study sample due to the variables (gender, job title, university). The importance of research in that it helps in the training of leaders and academics in Saudi universities and provide them with the knowledge and skills needed to manage time and choose the best practices to manage, it also presents an assessment of the reality of the role of time management in Saudi universities and its suitability to address the problems related to wasting time. The research aims to know the effect of these variables (sex, Job Title, university) in the perceptions of academic leaders in Saudi universities in general and the University of Taif, and its subsidiaries, in particular the effectiveness of time management, and provide suggestions and recommendations to decision-makers and stakeholders locus of research and enrich the literature former relating to the field of time management. To achieve the goal, the researcher prepare a scoping study which is a questionnaire distributed questions on three axes were distributed to the research sample, consisting of all leaders, academics, colleges and branches of Taif University (Deans, Vice Deans, agents, heads of departments). Where the results showed that the degree of effectiveness of time management from the perspective of academic leaders in Saudi universities on areas of study tool and overall performance within the degree of effectiveness of the medium, how results showed a statistically significant difference on the areas of the causes leading to loss of time and the effective use of the methods of time management due to the variable sex, in favor of males, and the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences on every area of the tool due to the variable university based on these findings the study recommends the need to train academic leaders in Saudi universities and training with the knowledge and skills needed to manage time and choose the best practices to manage.

[Niemat Mohammed Saaid Bushara, Mohamed Almoutaz Almojtaba Ibrahim. Effective time management at the University of Taif, Saudi Arabia From the standpoint of Leaders, academics"Exploratory field study on colleges and university branches -Tourbah- Khourmah- Ranyah". Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):24-35]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.05

Key words: the Effective time management - leaders, academics - faculties of the University of Taif - Taif University branches

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Adjustment comparison of business methods in Iran, Japan, Saudi Arabia

Rostam pour rashidi¹, Hassan Soltani², Siavash Rezaei³

¹Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

²Department of Management and Accounting, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

³ Payam Noor University, Iran

Abstract: The economic situation of each country is one of the biggest concerns for officials and decision makers in any country. Economic growth of any country is highly correlated with the size and improves the economic infrastructure and the business environment of the country. The business environment in the country is ever more transparent and more competitive resulting in increased economic health and and will follow the improvement of economic indicators. Investigate the situation of the business in terms of both micro and macro and explain the current challenges can be beneficial in the development of the business environment in the country. In this case study is to compare and analyze the business situation in Iran with Japan and Saudi Arabia, according to World Bank indicators.

[Rostam pour rashidi, Hassan Soltani, Siavash Rezaei, Adjustment comparison of business methods in Iran, Japan, Saudi Arabia. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):36-50]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.06

Key words: business, business indicators, government, economic conditions

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Influence of polymer seed coating, biocides and packaging materials on storability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Roshna Rahraw¹, Prashant Kumar Rai², Arvind Kumar³, Bazil Avinash Singh⁴, A. K. Chaurasia⁵, Neeru Bala⁶

^1,2,3,4,5Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,

⁶Department of Home Science

Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences,

(Formerly: Allahabad Agricultural Institute),

Deemed-to-be-University, Allahabad, U.P., India

E- mail: prashant.rai81@gmail.com

Abstract: This present study was elucidated that the effects of ageing (storage) in wheat seeds are treated with polymer, biocides and stored in different packaging materials. Genotypes of wheat were treated with the synthetic polymer and biocide. Then the poly-coated seeds shade dried and further treated with biocide (i.e. neem oil and castor oil) at recommended dosage and stored in types of packaging materials (normal polythene bag (700 gauges) (P₁), Vacuum polythene bag (P₂), jute bag(P₃), cloth bag (P₄) and normal plastic bag + jute bag (P₅)] in ambient condition in the Post Graduate Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHIATS, Allahabad for two, four and six months. Observations shows that the treatment of polymer @ 8 ml/kg of seed stored in vacuum plastic bag for 6 months displayed significant higher percentage of seed viability, germination, seed vigour, root length, shoot length and seedling length as compared to other treated seeds were stored in vacuum plastic bag. Germination and vigour percentage decreased with the period of ageing. It is also found out that vacuum polythene bag could be the best options among normal plastic bag, cloth bag and plastic normal bag for seed packing in terms of maintaining the seed quality as reflected in the varied parameters of the seed quality assessment indicators. Seeds are stored in plastic bags were affected due to storage but the effects were more pronounced in the plastic bags as compared to jute bags.

[Roshna Rahraw, Prashant Kumar Rai, Arvind Kumar, Bazil Avinash Singh, A. K. Chaurasia, Neeru Bala. Influence of polymer seed coating, biocides and packaging materials on storability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):51-55]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.07

Keywords: polymer seed coating, biocides, packaging materials.

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Identify and rank the factors affecting the performance of green suppliers in the chain (the case glass factory in Qazvin )

Masoume haddad deylami*¹, Dr. Peyman qafari Ashtiani ², Dr. Mohammad Sadeq harii³

¹MA in Strategic Management, University Arak Islamic Azad

²Doctor of Business Administration, Chief Business Management University Arak Islamic Azad

³PhD Management Industrial, Director of Administration, University Arak Islamic Azad

ms_da9050@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this era of ever-changing environment and changing the way the company interacts with customers and suppliers and complexity of markets, reduced product life cycle and the importance increase the flexibility of response time and customers, the crucial factor for the competitiveness of the supply chain Green said. Thus, identifying and implementing green supply chain excellence and help it to function better. In this study, the factors affecting green supply chain performance was studied in the literature and expert opinion using 34 indicators to measure the performance of supply chains, green identified. Then, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (correlation and regression) of the indicators identified in 9 of 34 indicators to measure the performance of supply chain green glass industry Qazvin obtained. According to studies of factors affecting green supply chain participants is as follows, where the customers are known as the most important factor.Therefore, the composting processes could be optimized by the application of the developed simulation model. 1.Customer; 2.Process;3. Human; 4.Resources; 5.Cost Flexibility; 6.Environmental Factors; 7.Management; 8.Time; 9.Suppliers;

[Masoume haddad deylami, Dr. Peyman qafari Ashtiani, Dr. Mohammad Sadeq harii. Identify and rank the factors affecting the performance of green suppliers in the chain (the case glass factory in Qazvin ). Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):56-62]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.08

Key words: performance evaluation, factors affecting green supply chain, green supply chain management

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Scrutiny of documentations and the verdict of fomenting revolt against the administration considered in Shiite and Sunnites religious jurisprudence

Fereshteh khaleseh Ranjbar (M.D)¹, Elham Elhamizadeh (M.D)²

¹Department of Religious Jurisprudence and Islamic law, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: Fkh.ra66@yahoo.com

²Department of Religious Jurisprudence and Islamic law, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract: Of the most momentous questions involved by Islamic administration since long is the obstacle of putsch and the way of melee with transgressors which is considered one of the consequents of Islamic political and criminal jurisprudence which has been propounded to secure the Islamic government au grand sèrieux. The Islamic administration may involve in tensions ab intra, encountering bunches staging a putsch and sliding into chaos. Islam is considered an absolute reverent prepared for codes in all circumstances, safekeeping the administration from detriments to administer the Islamic Sharia respectively. The aforesaid matter and its juridical notions and triggering off the reaction by Islamic government against opposed gangs and insurgents have involved unknown factors. The obligation commandment against fomenting revolt is abandonment by the observation of Sunnites and Imamiyeh Jurisconsults but the retribution handed down is swordplay and battle.

[Fereshteh khaleseh Ranjbar, Elham Elhamizadeh. Dynamic Scrutiny of documentations and the verdict of fomenting revolt against the administration considered in Shiite and Sunnites religious jurisprudence. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):63-67]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 9

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.09

Key words: putsch, Islamic administration, obligation commandment, jurisprudence

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Environment And The Legislative Lists Of Malaysia Federal Constitution

Nor Ashikin Mohamed Yusof

Perdana STI Policy School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.

ashikin@ic.utm.my

Abstract: The Federal Constitution has specifically distributed the legislative powers between Federal and State government as listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Federal Constitution. The lists determine subject matters which legislative body and consequently government has the legal authority to pass laws and act upon accordingly. However environment as a subject matter is left unlisted. The term environment could not be found anywhere in the Federal Constitution. This is unfortunate for Malaysia especially when environment realistically has become one of the biggest concerns amongst Malaysians and international community. The absence has been partly blamed for lack of legal enforcement against polluters and offender of the environment. The study focuses on the status of environment in the Federal Constitution and the possibility of placing the subject matter in any of the three legislative Lists of the Federal Constitution. The study is exploratory in nature. Data are collected from literature reviews, interviews and focus group discussions with experts. The analysis and report of data is done in descriptive and qualitative manner. As an important subject matter, environment is very dynamic. It could be placed under any of the listed Legislative lists of the Federal Constitution.

[Mohamed Yusof N. A. Environment And The Legislative Lists Of Malaysia Federal Constitution. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):68-72]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 10

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.10

Keywords: Legislative list; Federal Constitution; environment; distribution of powers: overriding authority

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The study of influence of strategic orientation and marketing capabilities on performance of branches of public banks (case study: Ilam province)

Seidmehdi Veiseh¹, Vahid shrafi², Mohammad Taaban³

1- Assistant Professor, University of Ilam, (Amir7912000@yahoo.com)

2- *Master in Business Administration, v.sharafi64@yahoo.com

3- Assistant Professor, University of Ilam

Abstract: The main purpose of this research is to estimate the effect of strategic orientations and marketing capabilities on performance of branches of Ilam Province's public banks. The survey method is of correlation manner. In this research the relationship of strategic orientations, marketing capabilities and performance branches is studied. The statistical population of this research includes all managers of Ilam Province's public banks and sampling method is not used because statistic population is limited to 102 individuals by census and the 390 customers of these banks are selected by random sampling. In order to collect information two questionnaires was used which one of them was for the branches' managers and the other one was designed for customers. Cronbakh Alpha coefficient for the first and second questionnaires was %824 and %769, respectively. Research data was analyzed by LIZREL software which in descriptive statistic level, the frequency percent and circle diagram was used and in the inferring statistic level Freedman test and structural equation were used. Research findings imply that all research hypotheses are approved. Therefore, Strategic Orientations and Marketing Capabilities have positive and meaningful effect on performance of public banks' branches.

[Seidmehdi Veiseh, Vahid shrafi, Mohammad Taaban. The study of influence of strategic orientation and marketing capabilities on performance of branches of public banks (case study: Ilam province). Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):73-79]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 11

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.11

Keywords: Strategic Orientations, Marketing Capabilities, Performance, Public Banks of Ilam Province, Structural equations.

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Investigating the rate of use of drugs by the bipolar patients who are confined to bed in Rusbeh hospital of Tehran

Mayam sajadyan¹, Seidmehdi Veiseh², Jafar Moharami³, Vahid shrafi

1- Master student of clinical psychology

2- Assistant Professor, University of Ilam, (Amir7912000@yahoo.com) ٭

3- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Research, Master of Clinical Psychology

4- Master in Business Administration

Abstract: Bipolar disorder is the sixth popular disability of the adults in all around the world. The popularity of such disorder, reported by the authors, is about 2/5 – 65 percent ( Baver & Fining, 2005). Evidences show that the bipolar patients use always various drugs. Since there is no report about the rate of use of drugs by the bipolar patients of Tehran’s Ruzbeh hospital, the current study is aimed to investigate such issue in 2012.Method: this is a descriptive – sectional study. The populations include 100 patients of Rusbeh hospital of Tehran in 2012 that were selected by simple sampling method. Due to the interview of the psychologists and DSMVI diagnostic criterions, it became clear that the patients are suffering from such disorder. The questionnaire related to use of drugs was completed with respect to the gathered data and clinical interview of the psychologist. The patients’ demographic information was recorded in the questionnaire and the results were also analyzed.Results55 out of 100 patients were male and the others were female. They were 33 years old. 51 patients were suffering from the disorder between the ages of 16 and 31. Moreover, they consumed drugs between the age of 10 and 31. About %58 consumed such drugs and %39 was costumed to consume between 1-10 years. About %66/3 consumed various drugs and %33/7 consumed only one drug ( alcohol %37/21, glass %19/49, bhang %14/24, crack %9/54, opium %19/49). Furthermore, about %57 of the patients have the family record of this disorder.The females consumed mostly glass (%66/9) and the males consumed alcohol (%51/1). There was a direct relationship between the use of the drug and the factors such as gender, employment and family record of the disorder(P<0/5). Moreover, there was no relationship between the use of each drug and the factors such as education, the period of being confined to bed, age, outset of the disorder, duration of the use, begining of the use and marriage (p<05). In this study, about %35 of the women and %7 of the men were addicted to the narcotic drugs.

[Mayam sajadyan, Seidmehdi Veiseh, Jafar Moharami, Vahid shrafi. Investigating the rate of use of drugs by the bipolar patients who are confined to bed in Rusbeh hospital of Tehran. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):80-86]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 12

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.12

Key words: bipolar, use of drugs, the patients being confined to bed.

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A study on the ancient judicial system and corruption in India

Iqramuddin Malik¹, Dr. Ashish Kumar Singhal², Arun Prakash Singh³

1. Subharti University, Meerut, India

2. Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

3. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India

Abstract: Corruption is not the name given in present, but it is an evil which is en-rooted from past. Today it has taken the ferocious shape engulfing all levels of people from lower level to higher level. Corruption can be defined as anything which is benefiting you by illegal means whether that is bribery, saying lies, ditching others etc. This is today a world-wide phenomenon. In our own country some people in high positions lave been charged for it. A corrupt person is termed immoral, dishonest and unscrupulous in his dealings. His disregard for honesty, righteousness and truth results in his alienation from society. He is treated with contempt. But as erosion of values leads to decadence, remedies for the social malaise remain elusive, and so no amount of contempt can eradicate corruption which is a symptom of decadence. Corruption is the most virulent when crises everywhere threaten the very existence of the society and the faith in life is shaken. It has always been there like tie leech, but when the system grows weaker and the boat flounders, it gets bolder and drains its victims of the last drops of their blood. The menace of corruption was found to have enormously increased by first and Second World War conditions. The corruption, at the initial stages, was considered confined to the bureaucracy who had the opportunities to deal with a variety of State largesse in the form of contracts, licenses and grants. Even after the war the opportunities for corruption continued as large amounts of Government surplus stores were required to be disposed of by public servants. As a consequence of the wars the shortage of various goods necessitated the imposition of controls and extensive schemes of post war reconstructions involving the disbursement of huge sums of money which lay in the controls of the public servants giving them wide discretion with the result of luring them wide discretion with the result of luring them to glittering shine of the wealth and property.

[Iqramuddin Malik, Ashish Kumar Singhal, Arun Prakash Singh. A study on the ancient judicial system and corruption in India. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):87-92]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 13

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.13

Key Words: Society, Government, Wealth, Property.

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The Concept Of Sovereignty In Past And In Present Scenario

Dr. Ashish Kumar Singhal¹, Iqramuddin Malik², Arun Prakash Singh³

1. Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

2. Subharti University, Meerut, India

3. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India

Abstract: Sovereignty is the central organizing principle of the system of states. However, it is also one of the most poorly understood concepts in international relations. This confusion emerges from at least two sources. Firstly sovereignty is in fact a relatively recent innovation connected to the emergence of the nation-state as the primary unit of organization. Secondly what is more, a number of contemporary issues have placed increasing limits on the exercise of sovereign authority. These two factors raise questions about the fixity of the concept of sovereignty often assumed by international relations scholars. A more sophisticated view of sovereignty now envisions states and non state actors as engaged in a continual process of renegotiating the nature of sovereignty. Some time it is said that the power to do everything in a state without accountability, --to make laws, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.

[Ashish Kumar Singhal, Iqramuddin Malik, Arun Prakash Singh. The Concept Of Sovereignty In Past And In Present Scenario. Rep Opinion 2013;5(12):93-98]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 14

doi:10.7537/marsroj051213.14

Key Words: State, Scholar, Sovereignity, Relations.

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