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Review On Fluid Therapy For The Treatment Of Dehydration In Large Animals

Abebe Mequanent ¹, Birhanu Ayele ², Habtamu Addis ¹

¹ University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.o. Box: 196

² University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public health

E-mail: abebemequanent@gmil.com

Summary: Fluid therapy is important for many medical conditions in veterinary patients and is indicated for the treatment of diseases that determine dehydration and electrolyte and acid base imbalances. The method provides vital support to sick animals and for many the simple act of rehydration with a high sodium fluid like lactated Ringer’s solution vastly improves their potential for recovery. This review highlights the importance of fluid therapy in dehydrated animals and also points out basic considerations that need to be implemented during fluid administration with focus on route, type and amount of fluid administered to individual animal. Almost two-third of the total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF, water located in cells) and the remaining one-third is extracellular fluid (ECF, water that is outside of the cells). Maintaining body water and electrolyte concentration in cattle is a delicate balancing act involving many different organ systems with disruption of these homeostatic mechanisms potentially leading to the rapid development of life threatening imbalances. Fluid therapy corrects the present imbalances, the restoration of blood volume and adequate tissue perfusion and also used for the treatment of shock, different metabolic diseases and toxicities in animals. Fluids include crystalloids, synthetic colloids and biological fluids. Fluid therapy can also play a supportive role during anaesthetic and surgical procedures. The two major routes of fluid administration for systemic effect are Oral (enteral) and parenteral (systemic). Clinical status including improvement of hydration status, normalization of hypotension and improved perfusion parameters should be monitored frequently in patients receiving fluid therapy because administration rates may need to be adjusted.

[Abebe M, Birhanu A and Habtamu A. Review On Fluid Therapy For The Treatment Of Dehydration In Large Animals. Researcher 2018;10(1):1-10]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100118.01.

Key words: Dehydration, fluid therapy and large animals

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Lead and Arsenic Poisining through Fish and Chicken

Mona S. Zaki, Refat A. Youssef, Sami Shalby and Nagwa S. Rabie

¹Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

²Soils and Water Uses Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

³Animal Reproduction Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

³Poulatry Diseases Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: General population exposure to arsenic and lead is mainly via intake of food and drinking water. Food is the most important source as fish meat, chicken meat and hens eggs but in some areas, arsenic in drinking water is a significant source of exposure to inorganic. Lead poisoning and arsenic exposure have become serious health risks in the past few decades. Lead poisoning or plubism is called toxicological condition, in which its exposure can cause either acute or chronic poisoning. Interferes with a number of body functions primarily affecting the central nervous, brain damage hematopoietic, hepatic and renal system producing serious disorders, high blood pressure, miscarriages, and behavioral problems in children. Contaminated soils such as mine-tailings are also a potential source of arsenic exposure. Absorption of arsenic in inhaled airborne particles is highly dependent on the solubility and the size of particles. Soluble arsenic compounds are easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, inorganic arsenic is extensively methylated in humans and the metabolites are excreted in the urine. Arsenic (or metabolites) concentrations in blood, hair, nails and urine have been used as biomarkers of exposure. Speciated metabolites in urine expressed as either inorganic arsenic or the sum of metabolites (inorganic arsenic + MMA + DMA) is generally the best estimate of recent arsenic dose. Fish may accumulate toxinswhich can pass to human through its meat consumption. Accumulation of metals in fishdepends on concentrations of metals in water and food organism, on physiochemicalfactors and exposure duration. Heavy metals pollution in chickens is a problemdue to the health risk to human as a result toconsumptionits meat and eggs where inorganic arsenic is accumulated in the chicken breast meat and lead is deposited into the hen's eggs. It causes economic loses in poultry industry. It was found that arsenic toxicity results in many adverse conditions specially in broilers and broiler breeders chickens in form of increase mortalities and decrease in egg production.

[Mona S. Zaki, Refat A. Youssef, Sami Shalby and Nagwa S. Rabie. Lead and Arsenic Poisining through Fish and Chicken. Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):11-14]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.02.

keywords: Lead, Arsenic, Poisin, Fish, Chicken

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A Science Paper Like No Other: GOD’s Mathematical Signs on Earth and in the Heavens

David Bruce Brenton

a22.5universe@outlook.com

Abstract: The measurement of the geological features of Earth, including mountain peaks, islands, coastlines, rivers, ancient archeological sites, and, Holy sites, using a protractor, ruler, and compass, along with a Mercator Projection map (used in navigation and aviation), that plainly show that their locations, (which current science says should be random), are, in fact, aligned at the cardinal angles and their divisors, based on the 360 degree protractor. With Easter Rapa Nui Island (first mapped Easter Sunday,1722, meaning “Navel of the World”) and it’s 90 degree north/south alignment with the intersect-point of the Dine’ Tribe Holy Mountains in the Four-Corner states of Arizona/Colorado/New Mexico/Utah. With world famous Easter Rapa Nui Island as the center and starting-point of a geometric/geographic pattern and story, encompassing the globe, proving intelligent design and fulfilling ancient recorded prophesies.

[David Bruce Brenton. A Science Paper Like No Other: GOD’s Mathematical Signs on Earth and in the Heavens. Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):15-17]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.03.

Keywords: Jesus, Holy Mary, Holy Mountains, Holy Rivers, Geometry, Mapping, Religions, Archeology, Holy Sites, Astrophysics, Geology, Geography, Sports, Basketball, Baseball, Football, Physics, Odds

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Basic Mathematical Pattern of All Things

 David Bruce Brenton

 a22.5universe@outlook.com

Abstract: The decoding of the mathematical equation of the geological features of Earth, including mountain peaks, islands, coastlines, rivers, ancient archeological sites, and, Holy sites, using a protractor, ruler, and compass, along with a Mercator Projection map (used in navigation and aviation), that show that their locations, (which current science says should be random), are, in fact, aligned at the cardinal angles and their divisors, based on the 360 degree protractor. With Easter Rapa Nui Island (first mapped Easter Sunday,1722, meaning “Navel of the World”) and it’s 90 degree north/south alignment with the intersect-point of the Dine’ Tribe Holy Mountains in the Four-Corner states of Arizona/Colorado/New Mexico/Utah. With world famous Easter Rapa Nui Island as the center and starting-point of a geometric/geographic pattern and story with a meaning, aligning to Jerusalem, Mecca, Great Zimbabwe, Amritsar, Buddh Gaya, Tirupati, Stonehenge, Lhassa, Tsion, Ethiopa, Moundville, Alabama, Chicago, The Vatican, Wittenberg (Martin Luther), Assisi, Fatima, Lourdes, Medjugorge, Guadalupe, Lake Chad, Holy Mountains of China, Mount Sinai, Mt. Gerizim, Chaco Canyon to The Dome of the Rock, Lord Jesus’s Holy Sepulcher, Western Wall, to Wrigley Field, encompassing the globe, proving intelligent design and fulfilling ancient recorded prophesies, all designed in a way to prove our common GOD, and end age-old political and religious conflicts; in effect, a world peace plan, written in the Heavens and on Earth.

[Basic Mathematical Pattern of All Things. Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):18-21]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.04.

Keywords: Jesus, Holy Mary, Holy Mountains, Holy Rivers, Geometry, Mapping, Religions, Archeology, Holy Sites, Astrophysics, Geology, Geography, Ley-lines, Sports, Basketball, Baseball, Football, Physics, Odds, Miracles, Radio-burst

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X-ray crystallographic studies of single crystal of systemic fungicide

Jyotsna Chauhan

Asst professor in Physics Department Rajeev Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, (INDIA)

E- mail:  jyotsnachauhan2006@gmail.com

Abstract: The activity of fungicides is intimately related to its chemical structure. Knowledge about the chemical structure of a chemical is useful for the synthesis of new compounds with more specific actions and fewer adverse reactions, to increase/decrease the duration of action of the original drug or to get a more potent compound, to restrict the action to a specific system of the body and to reduce the adverse reactions, toxicity and other disadvantages associated. We can understand the basic chemical groups responsible for drug action [1]. Recently it has been observed that some of the fungicides are loosing their effects. So analogous compounds can be de- signed as substitute, if their structures are known. A rational approach to test these fungicides is to know the three dimensional structure of these compounds and macromolecular receptor sites as well as their molecular complex. The structures of these compounds can be obtained by X-ray diffraction method in crystalline form and they will invariably be similar to their structure in solutions. The composition of crystal 5-methyl-1, 2, 4- triazolo (3,4b)-benzothiazole or Tricyclazole is confirmed by comparing the infra-red spectra of two components. The unit cell parameters are a=14.896(5) Å,b=7.410(5)Å,c=7.556(5)Å, a=90(5)o, b=90.000(5)o, g=90.000(5)o. The Crys- tal system is Orthorhombic and space group is Pca21.

[Jyotsna Chauhan. X-ray crystallographic studies of single crystal of systemic fungicide. Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):22-31]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.05.

Keywords: X-ray; crystallographic; study; single crystal; systemic fungicide

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 Comparative X-ray crystallographic study of Tridimenol, Tricyclazole and Tridimefon fungicides

Jyotsna Chauhan*

HOD of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Ganhi Techanical University, Bhopal (M.P.), India
*Corresponding authors E-mail- jyotsnachauhan2006@gmail.com

Abstract: Triazoles compounds contain a ring composed of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. A systemic fungicide, RH-124(4-n-butyl-1, 2, 4-triazole, BT), has been introduced as an experimental fungicide, possessing high selective activity against brown rust of wheat. However, substitution on nitrogen atom in position 1 in the triazoles producing an amazing variety of compounds such as triadimefon, triadimenol, and biloxazol, have been discovered, which are known inhibitors of fungal sterol biosynthesis. These compounds possess a trityl carbon that can act as a carbonium ion, an organic ion carrying a positive at a carbon location. Tridimefon is volatile and reduced within plants to form tridimenol. While both forms are fungitoxic, the fungitoxicity of triadimefon depends on the rate at which fungi formed triadimenol which is active principle of fungitoxicity. Tricyclazole has excellent systemic properties in rice and is highly effective in field, but requires high concentration of fungicide to inhibit growth in vitro of Pyricularia oryzae. The activity of fungicides is intimately related to its chemical structure. Knowledge about the chemical structure of a chemical is useful for the synthesis of new compounds with more specific actions and fewer adverse reactions, to increase/decrease the duration of action of the original drug or to get a more potent compound, to restrict the action to a specific system of the body and to reduce the adverse reactions, toxicity and other disadvantages associated. We can understand the basic chemical groups responsible for drug action1. Recently it has been observed that some of the fungicides are loosing their effects. So analogous compounds can be designed as substitute, if their structures are known. A rational approach to test these fungicides is to know the three dimensional structure of these compounds and macromolecular receptor sites as well as their molecular complex.
[Comparative X-ray crystallographic study of. Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):32-35]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.06.

Keywords: X-ray crystallography, Systemic fungicides, Triazole structure X-Ray diffraction

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Socioeconomic Determinants of Involvement in Rice Enterprises in Southwestern Nigeria

Oluwatoyin Bukola Chete (Ms)

Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B.001 Akungba Akoko, Ondo state
cheteob@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study assessed socioeconomic determinants of involvement in rice enterprises in south-western Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedures were employed for the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for collecting data for the study. The results show that socio-economic characteristics such as age, level of education, marital status, household size and income, determines the level of involvement in rice enterprises. The mean age of the rice entrepreneurs was 47.79 years, majority of them were married with a mean household size of 6.35 and most had formal education. The mean monthly income for the respondents was N47, 146.06. The Pearson’s Product of Moment Correlation (PPMC) analysis shows a negative and significant correlation between age of respondents and involvement in rice enterprises for overall respondents (r=-0.221, p<0.05). The regression analysis reveals that age and years of formal education are significant determinants of involvement in the rice enterprise.
[Oluwatoyin Bukola Chete (Ms). Socioeconomic Determinants of Involvement in Rice Enterprises in Southwestern Nigeria. Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):36-40]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.07.

Keywords: involvement, rice enterprises, south-western Nigeria

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The New Prime theorem（16）:

Chun-Xuan Jiang

P. O. Box 3924, Beijing 100854, P. R. China. jiangchunxuan@vip.sohu.com
 

Abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that there exist infinitely many primes such that each of is a prime. [Chun-Xuan Jiang. The New Prime theorem（16） . Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):41-42]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.08

Keywords: prime; theorem; function; number; new

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C Programming

Manjunath R, Dennis Ritchie

manjunath5496@gmail.com

Abstract: A High Level Programming Language (which uses alphabets, digits, punctuations and some special symbols and cannot be executed directly without being converted into machine level language (the language which uses only 0 and 1)).

[Manjunath R, Dennis Ritchie. C Programming. Rep Opinion 2018;10(1):43-196]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 9. doi:10.7537/marsroj100118.09.

Keywords: C Programming; Language; alphabet; digits; punctuation; symbol

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