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Impact of Major Ectoparasites on Hides and Skins in Ethiopia

Sawda Nasir (DVM), *Abraham Jemberu (DVM)

Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia. P.O. Box. 2084
abrishjvmd@gmail.com

Abstract: The livestock population of Ethiopia is estimated about 56.71 million cattle, 29.33 million sheep, and 29.11 million of goats. In the country skins from small ruminants and hides from large animals are important economic products contributing for the largest share to the total and agricultural export commodities. So, this paper is engraved with the objectives of highlights the impacts of ectoparasites on hides and skins in Ethiopia as well as to indicate the available control measures against these ectoparasites. Even though Ethiopia has very good potential to produce substantial quantities of hide and skins, their quality is very low. In this regard about 35% of sheep and 56% of goat skin rejected due to ectoparasitic damage and due to this effect about one quarter to one third of all the skins processed at tanneries are unsuitable for export. Trade in hides, skins, leather and leather manufactures have been in a great growth at an average of about 12% over the last 30 years, reaching to around USD 53.8 billion in early 2000. As a result of this, leather has been at the core of Ethiopia's economy since many years. In addition, it has a large contribution to the leather industry in the country. Now a day poor health and poor productivity of animal due to parasitic infestation has considerably become the major stumbling block to the potential of livestock industry as well as causes serious economic loss to small holder farmers, the tanning industry and the country as a whole through mortality of animals, decreased production, down grading and rejection of skin and hide. Therefore, it is concluded that impact posed by external parasitic infestation such as (mites, lice, ticks and flies) on animals during their life time is more serious and significant. So improved veterinary extension services, effective parasite control strategies, continuous awareness creation and training on farming to livestock holders are suggested to enhance the quality of skins and hides.
[Sawda Nasir, Abraham Jemberu. Impact of Major Ectoparasites on Hides and Skins in Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):1-10]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.01.

Keywords: Ectoparasites, Ethiopia, Hide, Impacts, Skin

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Effect of water stress on yield of lettuce (Red Salad Bol) in greenhouse conditions

Elahe zoratipour¹, Amir Soltani Mohammadi² and Naser Alemzadeh Ansari³

^1. M. Sc. Student of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

e.zoratipour@yahoo.com

^2. Associate professor of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

A.soltani@scu.ac.ir

^3. Associate professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract: According to the lack of water and the reduction of the quality of available water resources, finding solutions has been considered that increase production without diminishing the quality of the yield. In this research, yield of lettuce of red salad bol, under different treatments of irrigation water and greenhouse cultivation, was investigated in greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with a treatment of water of irrigation at three levels (I1:100%, I2:80% and I3:60%) in three replications. The results showed that irrigation levels were significant at on yield at 5% probability level. The highest yield (fresh weight) was related to the control treatment of (0.14 kg) and the lowest was related to the treatment of (0.09 kg).

[Zoratipour E, Soltani Mohammadi A, Alemzadeh Ansari N. Effect of water stress on yield of lettuce (Red Salad Bol) in greenhouse conditions. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):11-13]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.02.

Keywords: Water stress; Yield; Lettuce; Greenhouse

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Contributions of Microfinance Institution to Rural Farm Investment in Abakaliki Local Government Areas of Ebonyi State

Judith Obianujunwa Edward and Nina Maranma Amugo

Department of Agricultural Technology, School of Science and Technology, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

pookonta@yahoo.com; Tel. +2348032744784

Abstract: In this paper work we study the contributions of microfinance institutions to rural farm investment in Ahakaliki local government area of Ebony, state. The primary purposes of the study is to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the firms involved in rural investment in the study area, to identify the various microfinance portfolios and farm investment options available to the farmers, to ascertain the level of access of farmer to the various microfinance portfolio of the micro finance institutions, to determine the effect of the socio-economic characteristics of rural farmers on their investment potentials and to analyze the farmers perceptions on the contribution of microfinance on the farm investment. However, the contributions of micro finance institutions among the rural farmers are an important service in agricultural production which has the ability of creating more revenue for rural farmers.

[Edward, J.O. and Amugo, N.M. Contributions of Microfinance Institution to Rural Farm Investment in Abakaliki Local Government Areas of Ebonyi State. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):14-21]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.03.

Key words: Microfinance, millennium development goals, Commercial bank entrepreneurs.

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A Comparative Floristic Survey Of Old Barrack River And Tiba River Valleys In Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

B.O. Obadoni^*1, Victor Nangba², J.A. Alanana, H.A. Erhenhi⁴ and O. Amukali⁵

^{1 & 5} Department of Botany, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

^{2 & 3} Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State

⁴ Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta.

E-mail: donisbern@gmail.com +2348058472917

Abstract: Field trips were made to Old Barrack and Tiba river valleys in Nasarawa State in dry (January-March) and rainy (June-September) seasons to document the plant species found there. The surveys were carried out using a collapsible and movable quadrat with four pegs to which ropes measuring 2m x 3m long were tied in a rectangular manner was used; each quadrat was 6m². Two hundred quadrats were laid on the bank of each river valley with the river channels serving as transect lines. Detailed analyses of the vegetation in Old Barrack River showed that shrubs constituted 25.7% of species, herbs (22.9%), trees (17.1%), grasses (11.4%), climbers (5.7%) while creepers and ferns were represented by 2.9% each. In the Tiba River valley, trees accounted for 32.1%, shrubs (26.4%), herbs and climbers constituted 13.2% each; sedge (7.5%) while creepers and ferns were 1.9% each. Only 13 species of plants were common to both river valleys. The two river valleys had Simpson’s index of diversity (I-D) as 0.95 for Old Barrack River and 0.96 for Tiba River Valley. Sorensen’s similarity index was 18.6%.

[B.O. Obadoni, Victor Nangba, J.A. Alanana, H.A. Erhenhi and O. Amukali. A Comparative Floristic Survey Of Old Barrack River And Tiba River Valleys In Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):22-29]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.04.

Key words: Floristic, survey, Old Barrack & Tiba River Valleys, Nasarawa State

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Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Quantum Dot for Device Fabrication

Dr Jyotsna Chauhan*, Sandhya jadhav

*HOD Department of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Ganhi Techanical University, Bhopal (M.P.), India
*Corresponding authors E-mail- jyotsnachauhan2006@gmail.com

Abstract: Quantum dot have been extensively investigated in the last decade by virtue of their unique physicochemical, optical and electronic properties, have displayed tremendous momentum in numerous fields such as bio sensing, bio imaging, drug delivery, optoelectronics, photovoltaics and photo catalysis. In this review we describe the quantum dot, types of quantum dot, properties of carbon quantum dot like Adsorption, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Up-conversion photoluminescence (UCPL), PL mechanism. We described various characterization techniques like Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV –Visible Spectroscopy, X-RAY Diffraction (XRD). We have also described various synthesis method for CQD like Chemical ablation, Electrochemical carbonization, Laser ablation, Microwave irradiation and specially detailed discussion on the Hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment method for synthesis of CQD is provided here. We have proposed work of carbon quantum dot in device fabrication.
[Jyotsna Chauhan, Sandhya jadhav. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Quantum Dot for Device Fabrication. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):30-39]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.05.

Keywords: Carbon quantum dots, XRD, Nanomaterial

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Review on Genus Burkholderia

Solomon Lulie1, Zerihun Fikru2

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia
2Department of public health, University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia
Solomonlulie@gmail.com

Abstract: The Burkholderia (previously part of Pseudomonas) genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Pseudomonas species, and hence, this new genus was created. This genus refers to a group of virtually ubiquitous Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped, oxidative, oxidase positive, catalase positive bacteria that are motile by means of single or multiple polar flagella, with the exception of Burkholderia mallei which is non-motile. Members belonging to the genus do not produce sheaths or prosthecae and are able to utilize poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) for growth. The genus includes both animal and plant pathogens, as well as some environmentally important species. The conserved RNA structure Anti-hemB RNA motif is found in all known bacteria in this genus. Due to their antibiotic resistance and the high mortality rate from their associated diseases, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are considered to be potential biological warfare agents, targeting livestock and humans.
[Solomon Lulie, Zerihun Fikru. Review on Genus Burkholderia. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):47-53]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.07.

Key word: Burkholderi, Mallei, pseudomallei

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Advanced Chemical Oxidants For Remediation Of Ground Water Contaminated With Petrolem Hydrocarbon Products: A Review

Ekwuluo, Maurice1, Udom G. J2. And Osu Charles I.3

1Rivers State Ministry of Environment, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Ekwuluomaurice04@gmail.com
2 Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
3Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt. P.M.B. 5323,
Port Harcourt, Nigeria. charsike@yahoo.com

Abstract: This review highlights the various chemical oxidants used for chemical oxidation remediation of ground water contaminated with all manner of petroleum hydrocarbon products. The oxidants include: hydrogen peroxide/Fenton’s reagent, sodium per sulphate, permanganates, potassium ferrioxalate, RegenoXTM and Zero valent iron. Application of this oxidants as well as their advantages and disadvantages were discussed.
[Ekwuluo, Maurice, Udom G. J. And Osu Charles I. Advanced Chemical Oxidants For Remediation Of Ground Water Contaminated With Petrolem Hydrocarbon Products: A Review. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):40-46]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.06.

Keywords: Chemical oxidants, Ground water, Contaminants, Petroleum hrdrocarbons

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A Data Co-Integration Analysis for Evolvement Cooperation

Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi

Department of Electrical Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

afshinshy@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this article, we consider evolvement cooperation and direct foreign investment as a channel of international economics by a practical literature on innovation and growth. Economics are limited to the country where evolvement is conducted; the growth rate in each country will be determined by the country’s own efforts and by evolvement cooperation ignored a long time in growth literature. Economics take place across borders, and growth rates will tend to converge across countries. Two potential channels for evolvement economics are examined: localization of evolvement cooperation.

[Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi. A Data Co-Integration Analysis for Evolvement Cooperation. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):54-58]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.08.

Keywords: Co-integration analysis, Economics, Evolvement cooperation, International evolvement

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Assessing the Course of Annual Threats Imposed by the United States of America Upon Islamic Republic of Iran (2006 to 2011)

Mohamad Abbasi

Department of International Relation, Allame Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
Mohamadabbasi2000@gmail.com

Abstract: National Intelligence Management of America is a department established after event of September 11th and according to the definition presented by September 11th Select Commission, its duty is to manage national intelligence programs and to monitor organization involved in this regard. Pondering the Balance of Threat Theory, presented by Stephan M. Walt, the author attempts to provide an answer to “How was the course of threats proclaimed by National Intelligence Council of America against Islamic Republic of Iran from 2006 to 2011?” The first brainstormed answer (or it is better to be called “hypothesis”) is that the general course of annual threats proclaimed by National Intelligence Council of America from 2006 to 2011 tends to increase the perception of threats by Islamic Republic of Iran till 2009, compared to other threats existing; however it shows a decrease in 2010.
[Mohamad Abbasi. Assessing the Course of Annual Threats Imposed by the United States of America Upon Islamic Republic of Iran (2006 to 2011). Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):59-63]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 9. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.09.

Key words: content-based analysis, assessment, national intelligence management, Islamic Republic of Iran, threat perception

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Design for Supply Chains Based on Common Platforms

Mehdi Fatollah ¹, Kia Parsa ²

^1. Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University Karaj branch, Iran

^2. Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University North branch, Tehran, Iran

Kiaparsa55@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper focuses on the essentiality of consistency between policies of supply chain management and common platform. Accordingly, a conceptual model and a decision framework for supply chains based on common platforms have been developed and proposed. The model is intended to work as a basis for product development through the chain and with a special focus on commonality approach. Based on the proposed framework, the possibility of choosing the best combination of common elements is provided, taking into account the supply chain and common platform policies. In order to reach the research objectives, following an extensive study of related works, field research and case study in automotive industry, related knowledge and experience has been extracted. Analyzing the results, modeling is performed and the model has been validated. Combining the two concepts of supply chain management and common platform strategy, and customizing and combining supply networks with platform based product architecture policies may lead to several advantages such as: reducing the variety of components and production elements, reducing the number of suppliers, reducing system complexities and increasing flexibility. Therefore, by faster reaction to market changes, chain members will be enabled to produce a large extent of products in shorter time and with less cost.

[Mehdi Fatollah, Kia Parsa. Design for Supply Chains Based on Common Platforms. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):64-73]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 10. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.10.

Keywords: Supply Chain; Common Platform; Product Architecture; Supply Chains Based on Common Platforms

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Avian mycoplasmosis

Nagwa S. Rabie¹, Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

²Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Avian mycoplasmosis is an important disease of poultry of great economic importance. It is caused by four pathogenic mycoplasma species namely Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) and Mycoplasma iowae (MI); although other Mycoplasma species have also been incriminated in the disease. The disease causes cough, rales, ocular and nasal discharges, decreased feed intake, decreased feed conversion, decreased egg production and hatchability. Avian mycoplasmosis can lead to a significant reduction in egg production of between 10-20% in infected layer and broiler breeder flocks. It also causes infectious sinusitis in turkeys. It can be prevented and controlled by the acquisition of birds free from mycoplasma, maintenance of replacements from mycoplasma free sources in a single-age, all in all out management system, proper hygiene and biosecurity measures. This review will focus mostly on MG and MS and focused on clinical signs, transmission, economic significance, methods of diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

[Nagwa S. Rabie, Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh and Mona S. Zaki. Avian mycoplasmosis. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):74-80]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 11. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.11.

Keywords: Avian; mycoplasmosis; disease; poultry; economic; Mycoplasma iowae (MI)

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The Effectiveness of Relational Capital in Increasing the Business Performance of the Algerian Companies

Dr Tagrerout Mohamed¹, Dr Bouguesri Sarra²

¹Management professor - Professor Lecture A -

Faculty of Economic, Commercial Sciences and Management Sciences

Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef – Algeria

e-mail: a.tagrerout@univ-chlef.dz / sara9002007@yahoo.fr

²Management professor - Professor Lecture A -

Faculty of Economic, Commercial Sciences and Management Sciences

Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef – Algeria

e-mail: s.bouguesri@univ-chlef.dz / sara9002007@yahoo.fr

Abstract: Objective – The objective of this research is to empirically test the influence of the relational capital on business performance through 14 different Algerian companies. Design/methodology/approach – An empirical research was applied to test the hypothesis of this study through 307 employees worked in different administrations levels in Algerian companies. Findings – A positive correlation and impact of the relational capital on business performance is conducted to ascertain the validity of the measures and models. Statistical support was found for the hypothesized relationships. Research limitations/implications – The findings offer valuable insights on the generalize ability of relational capital in a novel research setting. Practical implications – relational capital is become a critical key to attain strategic goals and gain a sustainable competitive advantage. Originality/value – This paper is one of the few research concerned with the issues of relational capital in Algeria and the first to study Algerian enterprises.

[Tagrerout Mohamed, Bouguesri Sarra. The Effectiveness of Relational Capital in Increasing the Business Performance of the Algerian Companies. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):81-89]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 12. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.12.

Key words: relational capital – business performance - Algerian companies

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The Necessities, Impairs and Constrains of Nullification of Criminal Immunity of the Head of States

Hosein Dorji

PhD Student of International Law, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

dorjihosein@gmail.com

Abstract: Trail and punishment of the head of states that commit international crimes were faced with many impairs and problems. Among these, the most important legal impair is criminal immunity. The history has shown that these accused have generally had sufficient immunity and not ever submit to justice. Nullification of the criminal immunity of the head of states is necessary because of matters including public international order, international peace and security, domestic international order, prevention of non-punishment of the criminals and deterrence so that prevent of non-punishment of the criminals. Effective implementation of prosecution and trail of the head of the states and nullification of their immunity deals with some impairs, constrains, costs and challenges. Among these impairs are the non-existence of necessary and suitable statutes, non-willing of states and marshalling evidence. These impairs should be identified and rectifies by states. This paper is designed in two parts. The first one deals with necessities of nullification of the criminal immunity and the second part analysis the impairs and constrains of punishment of the head of states.

[Hosein Dorji. The Necessities, Impairs and Constrains of Nullification of Criminal Immunity of the Head of States. Rep Opinion 2018;10(6):90-92]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 13. doi:10.7537/marsroj100618.13.

Key words: Immunity, Head of states, International crimes, Campaign against not-punishment

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