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A Review on Heavy metal contamination in water and the Strategies for the Reduction of Pollution Load of Commercial and Industrial Areas of Pakistan

Sumaira Perveiz¹, Syeda Mona Hassan¹, Shahzad Sharif Mughal^1*, Habib Ullah¹, Nageena Shabbir¹, Muneeza Munir¹, Maryam Mushtaq¹, Muhammad Farman²

¹Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

²Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

^*Corresponding author email: shezi1130@gmail.com

Abstract: Water is significant for living and fundamental might want of every cell on living tissue. Water due to its unmistakable properties is considered to be the first various dissolvable. Water being a general solvent retains, adsorbs and suspend a lot of materials in it hence it will just be tainted by human exercises especially. Persistent properties of drugs, production techniques and industry have an inescapable impact on pollution of air, water and fully soil primarily based altogether. Real supply of water pollution is trash tossing, processing, industry and urbanization. Water is certainly debased by genuine metals like Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Copper (Co), (Cr) and so on. This water tainting will cause genuine disorders and normally it's hence bold that it can cause passing of a creature whenever expended. Water cleaning is accordingly appallingly important and furthermore the procedures that might be utilized for this reason for existing are frequently substance, physical or organic. Out of the considerable number of ways just as oil/fat evacuation systems, chlorination, air circulation and so on high-impact decontamination is most appropriate in view of its intensity and viability. In this review, we have discussed about the water contamination of ground water, also demonstrated about the measurements of contaminated as well as ground water samples abstracted from different areas of Pakistan especially where the effluents released by industries to lakes and rivers.

[Sumaira Perveiz, Syeda Mona Hassan, Shahzad Sharif Mughal, Habib Ullah, Nageena Shabbir, Muneeza Munir, Maryam Mushtaq, Muhammad Farman. A Review on Heavy metal contamination in water and the Strategies for the Reduction of Pollution Load of Commercial and Industrial Areas of Pakistan. Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):1-9]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.01.

Keywords: Heavy metal; contamination; water; Strategies; Reduction; Pollution; Load; Commercial; Industrial; Pakistan

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Comparison of Active and Semi-active Suspension Systems using Robust Controller

Mustefa Jibril ¹, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese ²

^1. School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

^2. Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia 

mustefazinet1981@gmail.com

Abstract: Suspension system is used to fulfil the criteria of ride comfort and road handling. In this paper, a quarter car active & semi-active suspension systems are designed using Matlab/Script software. Comparison of active & semi-active suspension systems are done using robust control theory for the control targets suspension deflection, body acceleration and body travel. H infinity controller is selected to compare the two suspensions using time domain analysis. Finally the simulation result prove the effectiveness of the active suspension system by decreasing the body acceleration & sustaining the suspension deflection and body travel outputs.

[Mustefa Jibril, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese. Comparison of Active and Semi-active Suspension Systems using Robust Controller. Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):10-14]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.02.

Keywords: Active suspension system, semi-active suspension system, H infinity controller

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Comparison of Mixed H 2 /H∞ with Regional Pole Placement Control and H 2 Optimal Control for the Design of Steam Condenser

Mustefa Jibril ¹, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese ² Messay Tadese ³

^1. School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

^2. Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia 

^3. School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

mustefazinet1981@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper investigates the comparison between mixed H 2 /H∞ with regional pole placement control and H 2 optimal control for the design of steam condenser. The comparison have been made for a step change in the steam condenser pressure set point for a step change of 10 & 23 seconds using MATLAB/Simulink environment for the steam condenser with mixed H 2 /H∞ with regional pole placement controller, steam condenser with H 2 optimal controller and steam condenser without controller. The steam condenser with mixed H 2 /H∞ with regional pole placement controller presented excellent and superior dynamic performance in response to the two step changes and an improvement in settling time. The overall simulation results demonstrated that the steam condenser with mixed H 2 /H∞ with regional pole placement controller can be an efficient alternative to the steam condenser with H 2 optimal controller for the steam condenser.

[Mustefa Jibril, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese Messay Tadese. Comparison of Mixed H 2 /H∞ with Regional Pole Placement Control and H 2 Optimal Control for the Design of Steam Condenser. Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):15-20]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.03.

Keywords: Steam condenser, H 2 optimal control, mixed H 2 /H∞ with regional pole placement control

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Comparison of Neural Network NARMA-L2 Model Reference and Predictive Controllers for Nonlinear EMS Magnetic Levitation Train

Mustefa Jibril ¹, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese ²

^1. School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

^2. Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia 

mustefazinet1981@gmail.com

Abstract: Magnetic levitation system is operated primarily based at the principle of magnetic attraction and repulsion to levitate the passengers and the train. However, magnetic levitation trains are rather nonlinear and open loop unstable which makes it hard to govern. In this paper, investigation, design and control of a nonlinear Maglev train based on NARMA-L2, model reference and predictive controllers. The response of the Maglev train with the proposed controllers for the precise role of a Magnetic levitation machine have been as compared for a step input signal. The simulation consequences prove that the Maglev teach system with NARMA-L2 controller suggests the quality performance in adjusting the precise function of the system and the device improves the experience consolation and street managing criteria.

[Mustefa Jibril, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese. Comparison of Neural Network NARMA-L2 Model Reference and Predictive Controllers for Nonlinear EMS Magnetic Levitation Train. Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):21-25]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.04.

Keywords: Maglev train, NARMA-L2 controller, model reference controller, predictive controller

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Coronavirus disease 2019 Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is mainly spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets that are produced when a person talks, coughs, or sneezes. Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing, however, current research indicates that the virus is not considered airborne. People may also contract COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface (Fomite) and then inadvertently transfer the pathogen to a mucous membrane (such as the eyes, nose, or mouth). It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear. The virus can live on surfaces up to 72 hours. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between two and fourteen days, with an average of five days. The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Herbert M. Coronavirus disease 2019 Research Literatures. Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):26-63]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.05.

Key words: Coronavirus disease 2019; life; research; literature

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H2 Optimal and μ -synthesis Design of Quarter Car Active Suspension System

Mustefa Jibril ¹, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese ²

^1. School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

^2. Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia 

mustefazinet1981@gmail.com

Abstract: Better journey comfort and controllability of automobile are pursued via car industries with the aid of considering using suspension system which plays a very crucial function in handling and ride comfort characteristics. This paper presents the design of an active suspension of quarter automobile system using robust H2 optimal controller and robust μ - synthesis controller with a second order hydraulic actuator. Parametric uncertainties have been additionally considered to model within the system. Numerical simulation become completed to the designed controllers. Results display that during spite of introducing uncertainties, the designed μ - synthesis controller improves ride consolation and road protecting of the automobile while as compared to the H2 optimal controller.

[Mustefa Jibril, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese. H2 Optimal and μ -synthesis Design of Quarter Car Active Suspension System. Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):64-67]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.06.

Keywords: Quarter car active suspension system, H2 optimal controller, μ - synthesis controller

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Comparison of Mixed H 2 /H∞ with Regional Pole Placement Control and H 2 Optimal Control for the Design of Steam Condenser

Mustefa Jibril ¹, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese ² Abu Fayo ³

^1. School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

^2. Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia 

^3. Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia  mustefazinet1981@gmail.com

Abstract: this paper considers the trouble of the usage of approximate strategies for realizing the neural controllers for nonlinear SISO systems. In this paper, we introduce the nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NARMA-L2) model which might be approximations to the NARMA model. The nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NARMA-L2) model is an precise illustration of the input–output behavior of finite-dimensional nonlinear discrete time dynamical systems in a neighborhood of the equilibrium state. However, it isn't always handy for purposes of neural networks due to its nonlinear dependence on the manipulate input. In this paper, nerves system based arm position sensor device is used to degree the precise arm function for nerve patients the use of the proposed systems. In this paper, neural network controller is designed with NARMA-L2 model, neural network controller is designed with NARMA-L2 model system identification based predictive controller and neural network controller is designed with NARMA-L2 model based model reference adaptive control system. Hence, quite regularly, approximate techniques are used for figuring out the neural controllers to conquer computational complexity. Comparison were made among the neural network controller with NARMA-L2 model, neural network controller with NARMA-L2 model system identification based predictive controller and neural network controller with NARMA-L2 model reference based adaptive control for the preferred input arm function (step, sine wave and random signals). The comparative simulation result shows the effectiveness of the system with a neural network controller with NARMA-L2 model based model reference adaptive control system.

[Mustefa Jibril, Eliyas Alemayehu Tadese Abu Fayo. Comparison of Mixed H 2 /H∞ with Regional Pole Placement Control and H 2 Optimal Control for the Design of Steam Condenser. Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):68-79]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.07.

Keywords: Nonlinear autoregressive moving average, neural network, Model reference adaptive control, Predictive controller

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Growth and performance of agro-based industries in major districts of state Haryana (India)

Mr. Vikki

Lecturer, Department of Economics, Ram Krishan Public School, Sihma, Mohindergrah, Haryana (India)

e-mail: yadavvikki39@gmail.com

Abstract: The ever rising share of rice, wheat, rapeseed & mustard and cotton to total cropped area may be attributed to the major change in production technology of these crops, expansion of irrigation facilities, market infrastructure, institutional arrangements and government policies (especially minimum support price, identification of export production zone, globalization of agriculture trade). The plausible reasons for crops registering. declining share in acreage may be low productivity, absence of high yielding varieties, low market price, difficulty in marketing of the product and high risks involved. Percentage decline in area under sugarcane also witnessed due to not timely payment of produce and its disposal pattern. Over the years, the increase in production of crops may be achieved as a result of use of improved varieties seeds, fertilizers, plant protection measures, efficient use of available both canal and underground water improved cultivation practices, mechanization of farm activities for timely operations. Some crops increased over the time period but production level showed decline due to decrease in area as a result of non­ profitability of crops. The above findings indicate that with further increase in the availability of irrigation water and demand of agricultural, output both at national and global level even keeping the input price matrix at constant, the acreage as well as production level of water intensive and less risky crops is likely to increase in future. The rice and wheat production exhibited positive and significant increase per annum during the period under study. This may be attributed to increase in area under high yielding varieties of these crops. The continuous decline in area under gram resulted in decrease in production. The production of cotton and rapeseed and mustard registered a positive growth rate but at a varying degree in all the periods.

[Mr. Vikki. Growth and performance of agro-based industries in major districts of state Haryana (India). Rep Opinion 2020;12(5):80-84]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8. doi:10.7537/marsroj120520.08.

Keywords: Agro, Industry, Haryana, India.

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