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DUAL POSITIVITY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IN THE HIGHLY INFECTED POPULATION OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

Okonko IO, Okobia VC, Cookey TI, Innocent-Adiele HC

Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Background: One of the frequent complications in HIV-infected patients is dual infection with HBV. Screening for HBV in such a high-risk population becomes pertinent to develop and establishing effective and timely therapeutic plans. The study aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV/HBV dual infections in the highly infected population of Rivers State and the association between HIV/HBV dual infection and the socio-demographic factors among these populations. Methods: One hundred eighty-two HIV-infected patients attending the Retroviral Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Rivers State, Nigeria, were recruited for this study. Five millilitres of blood samples were collected, and the resultant sera were analyzed for HBsAg using the ELISA kits manufactured by DIA. Serological analysis was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Variables tested include sex, age group and marital status. PRO Diagnostic Bioprobes, Milano, Italy. Results: Of the 94 patients investigated, 13(14.0%) were seropositive for HIV/HBV dual infections, while 81 (86.0%) had HIV only. Of the dual infection of HIV/HBV, 15.3%) were females than males (11.4%). At the same time, higher HIV mono-infection occurred in males (88.6%) than females (84.7%). The age-related dual infection rate was observed, as the dual infection rate decrease with age increase. A higher HIV/HBV dual infection rate in the age group 31-40 years (15.2%) compared to other age groups. For HIV only, higher prevalence occurred in ages 51 years and above (90.0%). A higher dual infection rate occurred in the married group (15.7%) than in the singles (11.6%). However, the reverse was observed for HIV only, with the highest prevalence among the singles (88.4%). Patients with secondary levels of education had a higher dual infection rate (18.9%) compared to tertiary (12.5%) and primary education (9.1%). Those with no formal education had a zero prevalence for HIV/HBV dual infection and the highest prevalence (100.0%) for HIV only. Concerning occupation, a higher HIV/HBV dual infection rate occurred among the self-employed group (16.7%) than the employed (11.4%) and the unemployed groups (9.1%). However, the reverse was observed for HIV only, with the highest prevalence among the unemployed groups (90.9%). Furthermore, no significant associations (p>0.05) existed between sex, age, marital status, educational background and occupational status of the patients, and dual infections of HIV and HBV. Conclusion: Our study showed that dual positivity of HBV and HIV is common in Rivers State, Nigeria. The findings of this study provide critical data to assess the impact of current prevention and control strategies in Nigeria.

[Okonko IO, Okobia VC, Cookey TI, Innocent-Adiele HC. DUAL POSITIVITY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IN THE HIGHLY INFECTED POPULATION OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA. Rep Opinion 2022;14(10):1-9]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 01. doi:10.7537/marsroj141022.01.

Keywords: Dual positivity, HIV, HBV, Nigeria

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Review of Literature Impact of Education in Socio-Economic Development of Women

Dr. Nandni Gautam

Mig 137 Mahirishi Dayananand Vihar Face 1, Indranagar Kanpur-208026, Uttar Pradesh (India)

Email: nandniravi86@gmail.com

Abstract: This is a review paper on the impact of education on economic development of women. From the literature review undertaken, it is clear that the contribution of education to economic development may be positive, negative or nothing. There are three distinctive ways of determining contribution of education to economic development: (a) rate of return analysis: education is an investment which enhances productivity and yield monetary and non-monetary returns; (b) human resource approach: through education future needs workers might be met to attain economic development; and (c) education and economic growth analyses: education has got a major multiplier role in economic analysis growth. There is lack of research on the impact / contribution of education on the economic development of the country. Whatever small amount of research projects are available on it in India; they are unable to convince our policymakers to invest in the education sector. Therefore, there is a need for research on the contribution of education to the economic development of India and convince our policymakers to increase the public spending on education – elementary, secondary and higher education and education research.

[Gautam, N. Review of Literature Impact of Education in Socio-Economic Development of Women. Rep Opinion 2022;14(10):10-15]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 02. doi:10.7537/marsroj141022.02.

Keywords: Review of Literature, Impact of Education, Socio-Economic, Development of Women

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EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PAWPAW (Carica papaya) SEED EXTRACT ON SEX OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abdulsalam, I.¹, Dan, V.Y.M.¹, Onisiuruka, B.C.¹, Vantswa, P.¹, Goni, M.I.², Nwangwu, D.C.² and Mohammed, Y.S.²

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna.

²National Institute for Freshwater Fishery Research, New Bussa, Niger State, PMB, 6006)

Corresponding Author: ibromuda@gmail.com,    +2348055745016

ABSTRACT

Tilapia have gotten a lot of attention because of their favorable features, which make them an excellent Aquaculture choice. This trait comprises the ability to replicate easily in captivity and a short  generation time; quick growth, reaching consumable size (in about six months) and the ability to survive a wide range of environmental conditions; tolerance to disease and stress; flexible food environments;use of artificial feed immediately after yolksac absorption; adaptable to a variety of culture methods; palatable, marketable, and nutritious goods. This study investigated the control of prolific spawning in Oreochromisniloticus using C. papaya seed extract by evaluating its effect on its gonads as a sterility inducing agent in the control of excessive spawning as well as to establish the phytochemicals present in C. papaya seed. It also evaluated the growth performance and survival rate of Oreochromisniloticus fed with C. papaya seed extract for 31 days. Five different treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, and control with different inclusion levels of C. papaya seed extract and a total of 500 Oreochromisniloticusfry were used for the study. The study indicated that growth performance of Oreochromisniloticus fed with seed extract is not significantly different when varied at different concentration of 100, 75, 50, 25,0ml. A gradual decrease in the survival rate of Oreochromisniloticus was observed as the concentration of the C. papaya seed extract was increased.  From the study, the control group has the best growth performance and high survival rate, while the gradual deformation of the fishes’ gonads was observed with increase in the concentration of the extract in feed when fed for 31 days and adversely affected their survival rate; further study should be carried out using other plant extract.

[Abdulsalam, I, Dan, V.Y.M, Onisiuruka, B.C, Vantswa, P, Goni, M.I, Nwangwu, D.C. and Mohammed, Y.S. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PAWPAW (Carica papaya) SEED EXTRACT ON SEX OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus). Rep Opinion 2022;14(10):16-22]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 03. doi:10.7537/marsroj141022.03.

Keywords: EVALUATION; THE EFFECT; PAWPAW (Carica papaya); SEED; EXTRACT; SEX; NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

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IMPACT OF TRAINING ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE

SEEMA

Assistant Professor in Commerce, Ch. Devilal Memorial Girls (P.G.) College Panipat, Haryana (India)

Seemabanger1396@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Employees are the major assets of any organization. Every organizations needs well trained employees to perform the activities effectively and efficiently. It is the continuous process of the organizations that helps to develop skills, knowledge, and abilities. Training and development leads the better performance of employees. The success of the organizations depends on employee performance. In this globalization era training is crucial for the competent and challenging business. It is the nerve that needs to help enhancing the quality of work life of employees and development the organization. Training and development is the crucial factors of enlightening the employee performance in most organizations. The purpose of the study is to find out the impact of training and development on employee performance. The study found out that employees are aware about training; employees are motivated through training; and training and development results into higher performance. The study suggested that training and development of all staff should be dynamically followed and made obligatory and the employer should give compulsory training programs for all employees in order to improve performance. The study decided that there is need for continuous training and development taking into deliberation the opposition, market dynamics, customer satisfaction, and net promoter score among others. Keywords: Training, Development, Job Satisfaction, Employee, Performance.

[ASEEMA. IMPACT OF TRAINING ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE. Rep Opinion 2022;14(10):23-27]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 04. doi:10.7537/marsroj141022.04.

Keywords: IMPACT; TRAINING; EMPLOYEE; PERFORMANCE

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庞加莱猜想证明（修改稿）

长江康（四川绵阳）

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：庞加莱猜想封顶证明，结束了21世纪前的球量子一家独大的时代，迎来21世纪的环量子生长发育的时代。佩雷尔曼把科学智慧看得之高，根本不在于得克莱数学研究所等的奖励，值得我们学习，也发人深省----佩雷尔曼并没有证明“庞加莱猜想外定理”，即“柯召--赵华明--魏时珍猜想”----“空心圆球内外表面不撕破，能将内表面翻转到外表面”。中国需要更多的猜想。只要有更多的学子进入国际数学研究的前沿，中国数学的振兴也就指日可待！

[长江康. 庞加莱猜想证明（修改稿）.Rep Opinion 2022;14(10):28-40]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 05. doi:10.7537/marsroj141022.05.

关键词：庞加莱、正猜想、逆猜想、外猜想、里奇流

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Impact of Air pollutants on light absorption of leaves of selected tree in Haridwar city, Uttarakhand

Manu

Department of Physics,

Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

manuphysicsdsvv@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted in the year 2021 to find out the impact of Air pollutants on the light absorption of Mangifera indica and Dalbergia sissoo. Total Chlorophyll content was also assessed of leaves samples collected from the selected study sites. The selected study sites were quite different in terms of pollutant exposure due to the different activities round the clock. A decrease in the amount of light absorption in case of selected trees was seen in higher polluted site as compared to non or less polluted area.

[Manu. Impact of Air pollutants on light absorption of leaves of selected tree in Haridwar city, Uttarakhand. Rep Opinion 2022;14(10):41-44]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online).

http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 06. doi:10.7537/marsroj141022.06.

Keywords: Light Absorption, Total Chlorophyll Content, Photosynthesis, Air pollutants

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Impact of covid-19 in Hospitality& Tourism Industry in India

¹Amit Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Hotel Management, B.P.S. Mahila Vshwavidyalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Haryana (India)

²Dinesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Hotel Management, B.P.S. Mahila Vshwavidyalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Haryana (India)

Email- ¹amit.malik111@gmail.com and ²dinesh7734@gmail.com

Abstract: In India; The hospitality industry is likely to be hit hard. Experts suggest that domestic hotel companies will face a weak Q4 FY20 and a weaker Q1 FY21. March has borne the brunt of many large-scale cancellations across the corporate, MICE and leisure segments. Tier 2 and tier 3 hotel markets in India continue to witness a small erosion in business for now. Occupancies in at least the first half of March were only partially lower despite the spread of the virus in some states (Dogra S.). Hospitality sector accounts for over 11% of global GDP. The greatest perceived socio-economic impacts of the hospitality sector are increased employment, improved living standards, greater tax revenues to governments, and growth in local retail sales. The impact on the Indian hospitality industry could render a majority of the people in hospitality in India, jobless. As a result of this pandemic, the Indian tourism industry is looking at pan India bankruptcies, closure of businesses and mass unemployment as well as other impacts. This paper primarily, aims to identify the various impact of Covid-19 in the hospitality and tourism industry in India.

[Amit Kumar.Dinesh Kumar.Impact of covid-19 in Hospitality& Tourism Industry in India.Rep Opinion 2022;14(10):45-55]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). 5http://www.sciencepub.net/report.

07. doi:10.7537/marsroj141022.07.

Keywords: Global pandemic impact, Hospitality Industry, Tourism.

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