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Comparative study of Synthesis of PVA, PVA/TiO2, PVA/ZrO2 and PVA/ TiO2/ZrO2 composite membranes

¹ Dr Jyotsna Chauhan,²akansha mehto, ³Shaswat Chauhan

¹Professor in RGPV,²Research scholar ,³ BITS Pilani GOA

Abstract: This paper explores polymeric nanocomposites based on refractory ceramic oxides with special emphasis on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the host matrix. The aim of the study is to synthesizing TiO2, ZrO2 nanoparticles and their nanocomposite membranes for improving the structural, optical and morphological characteristics of nanocomposite membrane.. The use of PVA as a host matrix is justified by highlighting its remarkable properties, including mechanical strength, flexibility, and film-forming ability. A thorough explanation of PVA's hydrophilic properties and its wide range of uses from food packaging to sensors, supercapacitors, catalysts, and more is then discussed.

[Dr Jyotsna Chauhan, akansha mehto, Shaswat Chauhan. Comparative study of Synthesis of PVA, PVA/TiO2, PVA/ZrO2 and PVA/ TiO2/ZrO2 composite membranes. Rep Opinion 2026;18(8):1-7]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 01. doi:10.7537/marsroj180826.01

Keywords: Comparative study; Synthesis; PVA; PVA/TiO2; PVA/ZrO2; PVA/TiO2/ZrO2; composite membranes

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Comparative XRD analysis of  PVA/TiO2, PVA/ZrO2 and PVA/TiO2/ZrO2 Composites

¹ Dr Jyotsna Chauhan,²akansha mehto, ³Shaswat Chauhan

¹Professor in RGPV,²Research scholar ,³ BITS Pilani GOA

ABSTRACT:  The present study investigated the doping effects of different phases of TiO2 upon the PVA membranes structural, morphological, optical and photoluminescence characteristics. TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel technique and different phases successfully achieved by controlling calcination temperature. PVA/TiO2 membranes were then fabricated by solution casting method. XRD studies confirmed the existence of different phases of TiO2 nanoparticles in PVA. TEM results indicate that the TiO2 nanoparticles size increased as the calcination temperature increased. The XRD spectrum also shows that doping enhances the crystallinity of polymer composites. The UV-visible spectra show decrease in optical energy band gap (Eg) with different phases of TiO2 nanoparticles.. This indicates that PVA/TiO2 (brookite) membrane has higher photocatalytic activity than the other two composite membranes. The enhanced properties of the PVA/TiO2 composite membranes, which incorporate three distinct phases of TiO2, offer benefits for a variety of applications.

[Dr Jyotsna Chauhan, akansha mehto, Shaswat Chauhan. Comparative XRD analysis of  PVA/TiO2, PVA/ZrO2 and PVA/TiO2/ZrO2 Composites. Rep Opinion 2026;18(8):8-22]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 02. doi:10.7537/marsroj180826.02

Keywords：Comparative XRD; analysis;  PVA/TiO2; PVA/ZrO2; PVA/TiO2/ZrO2 Composites

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古蜀国文明推测

常炳功

（美国纽约州立大学州南部医学中心教授）

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

编者按：常老师说的也许有点道理：远古神话，是远古当时社会推行的“政治”，类似今天有的国家称导师是“万岁万岁万万岁”、“钢铁灵将”一样；其次，使用“神话”便于流传，有利于讲好没有纸张的远古社会的大事，这也是类似“政治”需求。再者古三星堆文明时代不是没有文字，而是早发明有由点“•”及横线阳爻“－”和横线中空白阴爻“--”等三种爻象组合的太极语卦爻文字，集注音、注义、编码、缩写等功能于一体，如《易经》中的卦爻符号。之所以没有保存，是上古“政治”把文字和写文字的载体，看得很神圣而崇高：使用后必须在专用炉具中焚烧，如字库塔，也称字库、惜字宫、焚字炉、敬字亭等。古巴蜀国人认为写有文字的纸张不能随意丢弃，哪怕废纸也需洗净焚化，字库塔随之产生。据《国家地理》统计全国现存字库塔共252座，四川盐亭是全国字库塔留存最多的第一县，现存字库塔32座；盐亭今天的老木匠中，还有会写修房造屋用的卦爻符号的。

[常炳功. 古蜀国文明推测. Rep Opinion 2026;18(8):23-24]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 03. doi:10.7537/marsroj180826.03

Keywords: 古蜀国; 文明; 推测

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从齐文化看远古华夏族的政权及政权人物 ---- 评周光华教授的专著《远古的华夏族》

王德奎

Wang Dekui, 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：和平与发展是时代的主题----小平同志的这一智慧是从哪里来的？应该说，从四川远古盆塞海山寨城邦文明和海洋文明，中国开创多元一体的国家模式起，到今天总部设在美国的联合国，都联系着这一永恒的主题。它揭示了远古华夏族开创全球多元一体国家模式实践的理想，也揭示了远古科技、经济、文化的交流与进步改变了战争的形式，其结果也改变了政权及政权人物现象的特征。周光华教授的《远古的华夏族》专著，谨慎而探索性地翻开了这一进程的第一页。

[王德奎. 从齐文化看远古华夏族的政权及政权人物 ---- 评周光华教授的专著《远古的华夏族》. Rep Opinion 2026;18(8):25-32]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 04. doi:10.7537/marsroj180826.04

关键词：远古; 华夏族; 多元一体; 山海经; 政权现象; 政权人物现象

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Future Projections of Monsoon-Dependent Renewable Energy Planning in India : As “Heavy Rains & Floods Era” Looming Over the India

Gangadhar

8. No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana,  India.

Email: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:    This is a matter of profound national urgency that must be brought immediately to the attention of the Indian governments, scientific institutions, administrative authorities, engineers, officers, farmers, and every citizen of the nation.. According to the Indian Monsoon Time Scale, India is now entering the “Heavy Rains and Floods Era,” a crucial climatic phase that has already begun to intensify and may reach catastrophic extremes around the year 2045 before slowly weakening by 2060. Beyond that point, from 2060 onward, the country may descend into a prolonged age of droughts and famines extending deep into the 2100s. As a result, rainfall patterns are already becoming increasingly severe and unstable across India. In the years ahead, there will be good rainfall in India along with devastating floods and extreme rainfall events may destroy countless human lives, homes, crops, ecosystems, and livelihoods, leaving behind immeasurable suffering and irreversible national loss. Heavy rains and floods may occur in some years, leading to immense loss of human lives, homes, crops, and livelihoods. However, this does not mean that heavy rains and floods occur in all years. There are more good rainfall years and fewer drought years. That is to say, in some years, in some regions, deficient rainfall or drought conditions may also occur.This paper presents future projections of monsoon-dependent renewable energy planning, examining water availability, flood-related disasters, risk assessments, survival strategies, and long-term planning frameworks needed for humanity’s struggle against the coming climatic tragedies that lie ahead in India. Today, after sacrificing my life in the pursuit of science—as reflected in the brief biography and supporting records attached at the end—time slowly carried me toward a silent and tragic end. Casteism, untouchability, discrimination, neglect, poverty, and isolation pushed me into unbearable suffering and silent abandonment. I was cast aside, left unseen, unheard, and forgotten, thrown out into the worlds of no return. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, reduced LV compliance, and ventricular premature contractions are gradually destroying my body. I do not know how long I will live or when death will come. I may leave this world suddenly and silently, disappearing into darkness unknown to the world. And so, I leave this final appeal to the scientific community of the future: if humanity someday acquires the power to recreate or revive the minds lost to time, remember me—and remember all those who sacrificed their lives for science and human progress. Bring us back, so that we may witness your triumphs, stand beside your achievements, and finally see fulfilled the dreams we were never permitted to complete.

[Gangadhar. Future Projections of Monsoon-Dependent Renewable Energy Planning in India : As “Heavy Rains & Floods Era” Looming Over the India. Rep Opinion 2026;18(8):33-99]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 05. doi:10.7537/marsroj180826.05

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still).

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