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Microorganisms associated with supernatant solution of fermented maize mash (omidun) from two varieties of maize grains

^*1Falana M. B., ¹Bankole M. O., ¹Omemu A.M and ²Oyewole O.B.

¹ Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB), P.M.B 2240, Nigeria

² Department of Food Science and Technology, UNAAB, Nigeria.

*Corresponding Author: Email Address: manfalana@gmail.com; bolman4ever@yahoo.com

+234-8060411288

Abstract: The aim of this work is to isolate and identify microorganisms associated with omidun, the supernatant solution of fermented maize mash. Thirty omidun samples comprising of fifteen samples each from ogi prepared from white maize grains and yellow maize grains were obtained from traditional processors in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Isolation of bacteria and fungi from omidun was carried out using De Man Rogosa and Sharpè (MRS) agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Pure cultures of the isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures. The microorganisms most commonly isolated were Lactobacillus plantarum (20%), C. pseudotropicalis (18.75%), Candida albicans (16.25%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (15%), C. parasilopsis (13.75%), C. tropicalis (12.5%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (3.75%). The maize variety has no significant effect (p>0.05) on the types of microorganisms present in omidun.

[Falana M. B., Bankole M. O., Omemu A.M and Oyewole O.B. Microorganisms associated with supernatant solution of fermented maize mash (omidun) from two varieties of maize grains. Researcher. 2011;3(7):1-7]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.01

Keyword: Bacteria, ogi, omidun, mould, yeasts

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Escherichia Coli as an Etiological Agent of Mucoid Enteropathy in Rabbits.

^1*Shahin, A.M.; ¹Lebdah, M.A. and ²Ali, G.R.M

¹Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department; Faculty of Vet. Med.; Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

 ²Veterinary Services organization, Mansoura, Dakhlia Governorate, Egypt

*Abeer.Shahin@gmx.de

Abstract: Bacterial examination of two hundred and twenty – five specimens represented forty- five, either freshly dead or sacrificed examined rabbits suffered from mucoid enteropathy syndrome was revealed 38 E.coli; 25 klebsiella spp. and 23 citrobacter spp. Isolates. Thirty- eight E.coli isolates were serologically identified into 13 serotyped and 25 unserotyped serotypes. The serotyped E. coli serotypes were identified as five O44-k74- and eight strains O158-k-serotypes. The most prevalent bacterial isolates were E.coli isolates. The pathogenicity of serotyped E.coli serotypes as a causative agent in induction of Mucoid enteropathy in susceptible rabbits was performed. Clinical signs; postmortem lesions; morbidities and mortalities; reisolation trail and histopathological lesions of experimentally infected rabbits with E.coli serotypes were recorded.

[Shahin, A.M.; Lebdah, M.A. and Ali, G.R.M. Escherichia Coli as an Etiological Agent of Mucoid Enteropathy in Rabbits. Researcher. 2011;3(7):8-16]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 2

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.02

Keywords: Mucoid enteropathy, rabbits, E.coli

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Challenges of information and communication technology (ICT)

Hamidreza Hossein

Department of Communication, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: hossein11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: There are Fundamental challenges about the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in education. This has led to serious skills shortages in many countries. In turn this has put increasing pressure on policy makers, universities and other training institutions to come up with approaches to inspire young students to choose ICT for their studies. There is also a strong argument for retraining many people who already have pre-service and in-survive education, whether in the workforce or not, to overcome to looming ICT skills crises. This paper reports on the examination of these points. It will also explore appropriate ways to combat this problem through analysis and identification of real prospects for ICT education.

Hamidreza Hossein. Challenges of information and communication technology (ICT). Researcher. 2011;3(7):17-20]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 3

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.03

Keywords: ICT, education

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Rural women and home economy

Mohammadreza Ghaffari

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Corresponding author: sharif11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: The rural women will not dependent economically to their father or husband because of financial independency, this independency is very important to women who have children or they have lost their husband, because the financial problems have forced the rural women to have marriage which is not suitable for their children & themselves. Although the women can solve their financial problems with this kind of marriage but they will have many cultural, social & mental problems. If these women could manage their life with having a job, they can improve their family & kinship's relation. The rural men & women should notice that their financial independency is not the meaning of an independency in their family, social & cultural affairs and making consensus between financial & economic affairs is necessary for family's consistency. If rural women could provide a job for them by getting credits, loan and other financial convenience, through their income they can get self-reliance or financial independency and we will see social, cultural & economic change in village. The question here is that if these changes have positive or negative aspects in the village? It's natural that every change in social phenomenon has both positive and negative aspect, but which is Important here is that which aspect is more than the other and it depends to different condition in various societies. In our rural society there is an especial social & cultural kind that it's outcome maybe different and in some case inconsistent. With these actions rural women could be in idealistic economic condition and they could live with out dependency to their husband's income. In most of the villages in Iran there is patriarchy in the families which is not acceptable for the most of the rural people and groups. When rural women became financially independent, it's acceptable to see its cultural & social outcomes.

[Mohammadreza Ghaffari. Rural women and home economy. Researcher. 2011;3(7):21-24]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 4

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.04

Keywords: financial self-reliance, rural women

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The effect of different types of tillage on soil’s physical, mechanical, and biological properties

Bahram Hosseinzadeh¹, Alireza Shirneshan^1*, Hemad Zareiforoush¹

¹ Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Mechanical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering, Iran

^*arshirneshan@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this research the effect of different types of tillage on soil’s physical, mechanical, and biological properties was investigated. The soil texture was silt-clay. The mechanical impedance of soil in non-ploughed state and also ploughed states with moldboard and chisel ploughs was determined by means of a penetrologger and then the soil samples were obtained from 10 to 20 cm depths in order to determine the apparent special mass and microbial respiration. The soil tilled by moldboard plough showed 3% and 14% less penetration impedance rather than chisel ploughed and no-plough soils, respectively. In no till soil, the apparent density is higher than soil tilled with moldboard and chisel ploughs. The moldboard plough caused more microbial respiration in soil due to its better soil flipping and mixing of wheat residues with soil and consequently placing more organic materials inside sampled soil and or applying larger contact surface for microorganisms with plant residues. Soil inversion percentage measurements for both tested ploughs showed that moldboard plough had the highest soil inversion with 79%. By measuring tractor slippage it was indicated that chisel plough causes less slippage due to lower draft resistance and therefore favors lower energy consumption rather than moldboard plough.

[Bahram Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Shirneshan, Hemad Zareiforoush. The effect of different types of tillage on soil’s physical, mechanical, and biological properties. Researcher. 2011;3(7):25-29]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 5

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.05

Key words: Soil, Tillage, Plough, Chisel, Moldboard

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Evaluation of Selected Biochemical Parameters in Renal and Hepatic Functions Following Oral Administration of Artesunate to Albino Rats

* Anyasor, God’swill Nduka1, Olorunsogo, Olubode Olufunso2

1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B. 21244 Ikeja, Nigeria.

2. Biomembrane and Biotechnology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

anyasorgodswill@yahoo.co.uk; anyasorg@babcockuni.edu.ng

Abstract: The effect of varying doses of artesunate on function indices of rat kidney and liver was investigated. Twenty white albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each; groups 1-3 were orally administered with 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg body weight artesunate respectively, while the fourth group serves as control (distilled water). Result indicated an increased serum creatinine levels in artesunate treated animals compared to untreated control. Urea levels in serum of artesunate treated groups were significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to control in a concentration dependent manner. Sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate levels in artesunate treated groups were significantly elevated (P<0.05) compared to control animals in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, liver function test indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in artesunate treated groups compared with untreated control while L-γ glutamyl transaminase (GGT) activity was significantly (P<0.05) elevated in all treated groups compared to control. Therefore, result indicated alterations in biochemical parameters investigated with a more pronounced effect on kidney function than liver function tests. This suggests artesunate administration may adversely affect the functional capacities of the kidney and liver.

[Anyasor, God’swill Nduka, Olorunsogo, Olubode Olufunso. Evaluation of Selected Biochemical Parameters in Renal and Hepatic Functions Following Oral Administration of Artesunate to Albino Rats. Researcher. 2011;3(7):30-34]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 6

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.06

Key words: artesunate, electrolytes, liver, kidney, reactive oxygen species

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Coartemether in Dietary Oil Induces Oxidative Stress and Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rat

^*Anyasor God’swill Nduka¹, Odunsanya Olutayo Tolulope²

1. Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, P.M.B. 21244 Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

anyasorgodswill@yahoo.co.uk; anyasorg@babcockuni.edu.ng

Abstract: Lipid rich diet enhances the bioavailability and therapeutic potency of coartemether (artemether-lumefantrine), an ACT antimalarial drug. However, its impact on the coartemether cytotoxicity has stimulated this investigation. Thus, this study evaluated the in vivo effect of coartemether in the presence of oil on the antioxidant and hepatotoxic biomarkers in albino rats for 3 days. Twenty (20) rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats per group. Group I (control) received normal placebo saline (0.9% NaCl), group II (C) was treated with coartemether (4 mg artemether: 24 mg lumefantrine), group III (O) received sunflower oil (1.0 ml) and group IV (C-O) was co-administered coartemether (4 mg artemether: 24 mg lumefantrine) and (1.0 ml sunflower oil). Result showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in SOD and GSH levels in all treated groups compared to control while there was a significant (P<0.05) elevated catalase activity in the liver and heart of C-O and coartemether treated animals compared to other treatment groups. The C-O treated animals had significantly (P<0.05) high kidney and heart GST activity compared with other groups. Coartemether treated animals had an elevated plasma malondialdehyde content which was reversed in C-O group. Furthermore, coartemether and C-O treated groups had elevated alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels compared with the control animals. However, bilirubin levels were high and low in coartemether and C-O treated groups respectively. Therefore, investigation from this study shows that coartemether in an oil medium could induce oxidative stress and hepatotoxic biomarkers.

[Anyasor God’swill Nduka, Odunsanya Olutayo Tolulope. Coartemether in Dietary Oil Induces Oxidative Stress and Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rat. Researcher. 2011;3(7):35-41]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 7

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.07

Key words: coartemether; hepatotoxicity; oil; oxidative stress

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Development and preliminary validation of mathematices anxiety symptoms in adolescence

Armin Mahmoudi

Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in Education, Yasouj branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran

Email: dehlidena@yahoo.com; phone: 00989177430926

ABSTRACT: The study sought to develop a new scale to measure the symptoms of mathematics anxiety in male and female at adolescence in India. The main research question is whether we can explore a special structure for symptoms of Mathematics Anxiety in adolescence. By using all of the aspects of Mathematics anxiety a primarily questionnaire with 53 item was developed and piloted based on a sample of 450 students. Analyzing the data extracted three factors of different aspects of mathematics anxiety symptoms. Psychometric data of reliability and validity has shown significant results and is improved remarkably that this instrument can be considered as a suitable criterion for prospective clinical interventions.

[Armin Mahmoudi. Development and preliminary validation of mathematices anxiety symptoms in adolescence. Researcher. 2011;3(7):42-45]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 8

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.08

Key words: Developing scale, Mathematics anxiety, symptoms & Adolescence

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Empowering rural women in agricultural activities

Abbas Nikbakhsh

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: leila11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: by looking at women’s history of economic and social life, we can find that this great group, continuously have played basic role in forming economic condition of country. This great group consistent with men have had active role at areas of social-economic activities and always have had major part on economic production of society. Nowadays, supporting family supervisor women is adopted by universal society, as politic, economic a social concern and nearly all countries applied related approaches, and however these efforts have resulted in failure, in so many cases . paying part of cost of life by government or charities , establishing forums to analyze family supervisor women’s problems , supplying necessary facilities to grow and improve child’s life quality and paying facilities to provide sustainable employment , are among most important approaches to support family supervisor women . Paying credit facilities to access sustainable employment with easy terms at limited time, is one of the most important approaches to support family supervisor women. Because alongside supplying their continues needs, their esteem wouldn’t be marred. Currently, this approach is used at many countries and positive results have emerged.

[Abbas Nikbakhsh. Empowering rural women in agricultural activities. Researcher. 2011;3(7):46-49]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 9

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.09

Keywords: rural women, empowerment

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Rural women's economic participation and employment

Yasin Sadighi

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Corresponding author: fereshteh12150@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rural women are among those major groups at society who previously were considered less by planners, due to specific reasons in the past. And this problem is more observable at developing countries. While, by looking at women’s history of economic and social life, we can find that this great group, continuously have played basic role in forming economic condition of country. This great group consistent with men have had active role at areas of social-economic activities and always have had major part on economic production of society. Nowadays, supporting family supervisor women is adopted by universal society, as politic, economic a social concern and nearly all countries applied related approaches, and however these efforts have resulted in failure, in so many cases.

Poverty spreading in village is a global issue. According to the Fao finding about % 75 of world’s poor people that are more than 1 milliard people are living in rural zone and more than % 70 of this poverty people are women. As the most of the people who are poor are living in village and are women is the reason for insufficiency of rural development programs. One of the other basic barriers in development of rural women is their independent inaccessibility to get credits for investment in their job. Although their illiteracy is the big barrier to use of bank credits, but this view that women are dependent people that their husband should decide about their financial decisions is the other reason that rural women couldn't access to official credits. Maybe these barriers are the reason why rural women are happy about applying micro-credit thought in village.

[Yasin Sadighi. Rural women's economic participation and employment. Researcher. 2011;3(7):50-53]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 10

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.10

Keywords: Employment, rural women, economic participation

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Andragogy: differences with children education

Mehdi Nazarpour

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: hossein11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: The field of adult education and literacy is plagued by confusion about definitions. Over the years definitions have evolved from provisions in federal law and initiatives of groups advocating particular methodologies or the needs of specific adult populations. The result is that definitions tend to merge statements about the goals to be achieved (e.g., improving the literacy of a particular population) with a particular means (e.g., adult basic education) to achieve the goal. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Adult illiteracy severely hinders the life chances of young children, undermines school reform, and limits the opportunities for postsecondary education. Despite landmark reforms in public schools, too many Kentuckians continue to drop out of school, thereby perpetuating the chronic problem of adult illiteracy. Too many young Kentucky parents are unable to read and lack the basic literacy necessary to provide the necessary stimulating, supportive family environments for young children. It is known that children’s literacy levels are strongly linked to the educational level of their parents and that children of parents who are unemployed and have not completed high school are five times more likely to drop out.

[Mehdi Nazarpour. Andragogy: differences with children education. Researcher. 2011;3(7):54-58]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 11

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.11

Keywords: Andragogy, education, adult education

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Indigenous knowledge as an important tool in rural development

Khatereh Siyar

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: khaterehsiyar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Experience shows that indigenous knowledge not only has no contradiction with formal knowledge but different indigenous knowledge features, put it as well complementary for formal knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is accessible, useful and cheap. Its perspective is holistic and its transmission is verbal. Knowledge is dynamic and time-tested, and while it has grown within local natural and social environment, so it is very sustainable with indigenous condition. Indigenous knowledge refers to both component and whole part of culture of each nation and this component and whole integration is so that stop to change traditional society of life without indigenous knowledge out of its cultural origin and therefore would lose it concept and effectiveness. Indigenous knowledge is different with scientific knowledge that was established by universities and scientific communities. This knowledge is basis for decision making at field of agriculture, health, education, food and natural sources Indigenous knowledge is set of all knowledge and skills that people enjoy in one geographical area ( in one environmental conditions) that most of their skills and knowledge be transmitted to next generation , and new generation would be adapted with them and add to it Since, each knowledge is consequent of individual interaction with environment, so indigenous knowledge is consequent of indigenous people interaction with their environment.

[Khatereh Siyar. Indigenous knowledge as an important tool in rural development. Researcher. 2011;3(7):59-62]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 12

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.12

Keywords: rural development, indigenous knowledge

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Synthesis and Evaluation of Performance Characteristics of Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Seed Oil-Modified Alkyd Resin

¹*Momodu V.M., ²Omorogbe S.O., ¹Ikhuoria E.U., ²Obazee E.O., ²bAigbodion A. I.

1Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

2End use laboratory, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Iyanomo, Benin City, Nigeria

gbstano@gmail.com

Abstract: Walnut seed oil (WSO) was extracted from walnut seed and employed in the production of 50% oil length Alkyd Resin (oil modified polyester) using the monoglyceride method. This involved reacting the oil first with glycerol (alcoholysis) and subsequent treatment of the monoglyceride obtained with phthalic anhydride. The walnut oil and it alkyd resins were characterized and performance characteristics evaluated for use in surface coating formulations. Walnut seed oil gave alkyd resins whose coating properties are comparable to those of commercial alkyd, as its film air-dried within a few hours and showed good chemical resistance in various solvent media such as water, brine, and acid. However, the films showed low resistance to alkali which could be due to alkali hydrolysis.

[Momodu V.M., Omorogbe S.O., Ikhuoria E.U., Obazee E.O., bAigbodion A. I. Synthesis and Evaluation of Performance Characteristics of Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Seed Oil-Modified Alkyd Resin. Researcher. 2011;3(7):63-66]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 13

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.13

Key words: Walnut seed, Alkyd Resin, oil length, alcoholysis, chemical resistance

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Bacterial load, composition and succession in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) held at ambient temperatures.

Oladosu-Ajayi, R.N.¹; George, F.O.A.²; Obasa, S.O.²; Ajayi, A. A. ³ and Bankole, M.O.⁴

¹Department of Fisheries Technology, Federal College of Fisheries Technology, P. M. B. 1500, New-Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria.

²Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State.

³Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, P. M. B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State.

E mail: quietasever@yahoo.com

Abstract: Microorganisms, especially bacteria are the major causes of spoilage in fresh fish. In the coastal areas of developing tropical countries where ambient temperatures are usually high and access to modern preservation and processing technologies is low, fish is often left under ambient conditions for long periods after capture, resulting in quality deterioration and spoilage with attendant increases in post harvest losses. This study was carried out to identify, characterize and estimate the number of colony forming units (CFU) of microorganisms associated with freshly slaughtered African catfish, Clarias gariepinus held at ambient temperatures. Microorganisms were isolated from the flesh, gills, guts, mouth and skin of fish samples at successive 6-hour intervals post-slaughter for 42 hours when the fish were adjudged spoilt by a 5-member trained assessment panel. Determination of viable bacterial count was carried out by introducing aliquots of three dilutions of samples into nutrient agar plates, incubating at 37^oC for 24hrs and counting the number of CFU. Microorganisms were thereafter identified using colonial and morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Organoleptic assessment of fish samples were carried out by a 5-man trained panel. Results showed that a total of eleven microorganisms of pathogenic and/or spoilage importance were isolated at various intervals from fish samples, including Acinetobacter spp, Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas lundensis and Staphylococcus aureus. Generally the number of CFU from various parts of fish increased significantly (P < 0.05) as time interval increased.

[Oladosu-Ajayi, R.N.; George, F.O.A.; Obasa, S.O.; Ajayi, A. A. and Bankole, M.O. Bacterial load, composition and succession in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) held at ambient temperatures. Researcher. 2011;3(7):67-73]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.14

Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, microbial load, spoilage, postharvest losses, food safety, preservation

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Micro-credit and improving financial situation of rural women

¹ Mohammadreza Ghaffari, ²Khatereh siyar and ³ Abbas Emami

^{1, 2,3} Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Corresponding author: khaterehsiyar@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the development countries, rural societies which are poverty for geographic reasons such as being far from urban societies or because of mountainous of zone and also as the roads are impassable and some other reason, they became deprived of many human development programs. Unfortunately these societies are suffering of mortality because of poverty but what is clear here is that we can't attribute such privation to geography and nature of the zone. Every country is tying to solve such critical conditions by applying depoverty policies. Poverty spreading in village is a global issue. According to the Fao finding about % 75 of world’s poor people that are more than 1 milliard people are living in rural zone and more than % 70 of this poverty people are women. As the most of the people who are poor are living in village and are women is the reason for insufficiency of rural development programs. One of the other basic barriers in development of rural women is their independent inaccessibility to get credits for investment in their job. Although their illiteracy is the big barrier to use of bank credits, but this view that women are dependent people that their husband should decide about their financial decisions is the other reason that rural women couldn't access to official credits. Maybe these barriers are the reason why rural women are happy about applying micro-credit thought in village.

[Mohammadreza Ghaffari, Khatereh siyar and Abbas Emami. Micro-credit and improving financial situation of rural women. Researcher. 2011;3(7):74-77]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.15

Keywords: Micro-credit, rural women

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The role of distance learning tools in adult education

¹ Ghasem Nikbakhsh, ² Ahmad Shahidian and ³ Mehdi Nazarpour

^{1, 2,3} Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance learning is one of the fastest-growing components of higher education. Almost 3.5 million students were enrolled in at least one distance learning course in the fall of 2006 and online enrollments are increasing every year. The convenience of taking classes at any time from any location appeals to today’s adult learner, especially those who work, have families or live in rural areas. While there is still prejudice surrounding some distance learning, it is increasingly being accepted as an alternative to traditional classroom learning. Courses can be offered via the Internet, where students are able to interact with instructors and other students without physically being in the same room. Getting a college education can be difficult for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Frequent trips to the restroom, exhaustion, doctor visits, and medication side effects are all barriers to the traditional college experience. What if you could get the degree without ever setting foot on a campus.

[Ghasem Nikbakhsh, Ahmad Shahidian and Mehdi Nazarpour. The role of distance learning tools in adult education. Researcher. 2011;3(7):78-82]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030711.16

Keywords: adult education, distance learning

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