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Impact of Forest fire and aspect on phytosociology, tree biomass and carbon stock in Oak and Pine mixed Forests of Kumaun central Himalaya, India

Nabin Raj Joshi*, Ashish Tewari and Deepak Bahadur Chand

Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, D.S.B. Campus Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand (India)

*Corresponding author; E-mail: nabin2001@gmail.com

Abstract: Fire is one of the main factors causing biodiversity losses, its main effect on ecological process in the forests are losses in stocks of biomass, change in hydrological cycle and nutrients, forest fires are growing in their size and frequency. Forest fire frequencies, aspect, phytosociological analysis, and population structure of the forest of the two community managed forest locally called (Community Forests) of Almora district, in Kumaun Central Himalaya were studied. The sites were divided into two different aspects i.e. South West (SW) and North West (NW). Based on the phytosociological analysis of four sites represented two major forest types: Pure oak forest and mixed oak-conifer forest. The total basal cover of trees ranged from 4.44 m² ha^-1 to 46.52m² ha^-1.Total tree densities varied from 160 ind ha^-1 to 230ind ha^-1. Sapling density varied from 360 ind ha^-1 to 610 ind ha^-1 and seedling density from 120 ind ha^-1 to 530 ind ha^-1. Pinus roxburghii was the dominant species in SW aspect and Quercus leucotrichophora in NW aspect. The total tree biomass ranged between 9.47 t ha^-1 to 62.54 t ha^-1 in all aspect of the forests, and the maximum tree biomass was found in north-western aspect of Dhaili van Panchayat forest (62.54 t ha^-1). Fire was a strong agent of reducing the number of seedlings and saplings and the biomass stock as well in the studied forest sites, it was observed that those studied sites where fire frequency was regular (every year) the number of sapling and seedling count was 360 ind ha^-1 and 370 ind ha^-1 in south-eastern aspect for both study sites respectively, while this number increased to 610 and 530 ind ha^-1 for the north-western aspect where fire occurred once in a five year.

[Nabin Raj Joshi, Ashish Tewari and Deepak Bahadur Chand. Impact of Forest fire and aspect on phytosociology, tree biomass and carbon stock in Oak and Pine mixed Forests of Kumaun central Himalaya, India. Researcher 2013; 5(3):1-8]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.01

Key words: Aspect, Biomass, Carbon, Forest fire, Regeneration, Community.

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Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Street-vended Ready-To-Eat Bole (roasted plantain) Fish (Trachurus Trachurus) in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

Odu NN and Imaku LN

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. ngozi.odu@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to assess the microbiological quality of street-vended ready-to-eat bole (roasted plantain) fish (Trachurus trachurus) in Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria. Eighteen samples of roasted plantain and fish were obtained from three (3) locations in Port Harcourt and analyzed using standard techniques. Inoculations were done using the spread plate and the Most Probable Number (MPN) techniques. Results showed that the total viable count of the head of the fish ranged from 1.2×10⁶ to 5.08×10⁶ CFU/g and the mid section ranged from 1.0×10⁶ to 2.83×10⁶ CFU/g. The percentage of pathogenic bacteria species isolated from the bole and fish samples were; Staphylococcus aureus (46.0%), Bacillus cereus (30.0%), Escherichia coli (13.3%) and Proteus sp. (10.0%). Four spoilage moulds were also isolated and they included; Aspergillus niger (33.3%), Apergillus flavus (33.3%), Penicillium sp. (16.7%) and Neurospora sp. (16.7%). The microorganisms isolated from the roasted Atlantic Horse Mackerel were most likely to be as a result of cross contamination from improper handling, storage and display, as well as their survival mechanisms during the roasting process. These microorganisms are involved in a number of diseases of public health concern and it is recommended that the relevant Ministries of Health and Environment enforce laws and ensure strict compliance to these laws.

[Odu NN and Imaku LN. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Street-vended Ready-To-Eat Bole (roasted plantain) Fish (Trachurus Trachurus) in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Researcher 2013;5(3):9-18]. (ISSN: 1553-9865) http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.02

Keywords: Assessment, microbiological quality, most probable number technique, street-vended, ready-to-eat bole, Trachurus trachurus.

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The Effect of Life Skills Training on Mental Health of Persons Referred to Counseling Psychology Centers in Rasht

Vahid Khoshravesh1, Masoumeh Pourmohsen2

1: Faculty Member, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon (Corresponding Author)

2: Master of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University of Rasht.

khoshraveshvahid@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of research on mental health education of trained person’s life skills. Materials and methods: This study is based on pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Sample is included 42 visitors of counseling centers that were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Present study was used 28 questions form of Goldberg’s mental health. Changes were analyzed by Paired t and independent t statistics. Changes in mental health intervention for the experimental group was significant with compared to before the intervention. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in terms of Mental Health between control and experimental groups after the intervention. Finally the Results of this study showed that teaching of life skills have improved patients’ mental health.

[Vahid Khoshravesh, Masoumeh Pourmohsen. The Effect of Life Skills Training on Mental Health of Persons Referred to Counseling Psychology Centers in Rasht. Researcher 2013;5(3):20-23]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.03

Keywords: Life Skills, Mental Health, Psychological Counseling Center, Rasht City.

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Exploring Factors Affecting Quality of Life for Patients with Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers

Howyda A. Mohamed, Ferial Fouad, and Mohamed E. Seif

Medical - Surgical Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University. ferial.fouad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: This study aims to explore the factors affecting quality of life (QOL) for patients with chronic venous leg ulcers (VLUs). Methods: A descriptive exploratory study was conducted at the surgical outpatients' clinics (general & vascular) of El- Demerdash Hospital, affiliated to Ain Shams University. Sample: A purposive sample of 90 adult patients from both sexes with venous leg ulcers were recruited for the conduction of this study from the above mentioned setting. Tools: (1) Patients' interviewing questionnaire sheet was used to assess the factors affecting quality of life for them: Physical, social, psychological and spiritual. (2) Patients medical record was used to identify past and present history, (3) Wounds assessment sheet. 4) Numerical rating pain scale. Results : Mean age of studied patients was 37.5 ±17.7. Nearly one third of them were illiterate and with no work. Majority of patients' wounds were with offensive odor and irregular edges. There were significant relations between the following items ( Age, education, ulcers duration, income, pain and activities of daily living ) and QOL among studied patients. Conclusion: There were many factors affecting quality of life for patients with chronic venous leg ulcers ( VLUs) including: physical, psychological, social and spiritual. In addition, physical factors represent the highest negative effect on QOL, followed by spiritual factors, then psychological and social factors. In this study, levels of factors with negative effect on QOL were high, followed by moderate, then low. Recommendations : Further studies are needed to focus on other factors affecting on quality of life in patients with venous leg ulcers (VLUs).

[Howyda A. Mohamed, Ferial Fouad, and Mohamed E. Seif. Exploring Factors Affecting Quality of Life for Patients with Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers. Researcher 2013;5(3):24-30]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.04

Keywords: Factors affecting quality of life, chronic venous leg ulcers.

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Preparation and evaluation of live bivalent infectious bronchitis vaccine in chicken

Hoda I. Tawfik*; Ekram Salama**; Ola Mahmoud Hassan* and Amal Ahmed**

* Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo

** Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia, Cairo

ekramdiab@yahoo.com.

Abstract : Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease and considered as one of the most important and common poultry diseases. Only few amino acids differences in the S1 protein of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV) may result in poor protection, that make the control of IBV more difficult especially in endemic country such as Egypt. Protection provided by prepared live attenuated bivalent IBV vaccine containing H120 and CR88 IBV strains were compared with those provided by monovalent live attenuated H120 and CR88(D88) vaccines. Assessment of protection following challenge against a local nephropathogenic IBV strain, based on virus reisolation from tracheaeand kidneys at 3^rd day post challenge (DPC). Serum IBV enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies geometric mean titres (GMTs) were 5921, 3422 and 8838 for IBV-H120 live attenuated, IBV-CR88 live attenuated and bivalent live attenuated IBV-H120 CR88 vaccines, respectively, where the control group was 349 at the 3^rd week post vaccination (WPV). Also, these results were confirmed by HI test where the antibody mean titre were 8.80,9.50, and 10.0 at 3^rd week post vaccination for CR88, H120,and bivalent H120-CR88,respectively.Our results showed that the combined bivalent IBV-H120 CR88 vaccine was the best protectotype where it gave an excellent immune response at the 3^rd day post challenge. The protection % was 100% in both trachea and kidney virus reisolation, while it was (100%, 80%) in IBV-H120 vaccine, (60%, 80%) in IBV-CR88 vaccine for trachea and kidney respectively.

[Hoda I. Tawfik; Ekram Salama; Ola Mahmoud Hassan, Amal Ahmed. Preparation and evaluation of live bivalent infectious bronchitis vaccine in chicken. Researcher 2013;5(3):31-35]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.05

Key words:. Preparation and evaluation - live bivalent infectious bronchitis vaccine - chicken.

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Financial Performance of Saudi National Banks

Dr Mohamed Almoutaz Almojtaba Ibrahim ¹ Dr Dr.Sabir Tagalsir Mohammed ²

1. Department of Accounting and Auditing University, Taif - Saudi Arabia University, Nileen –Sudan

2. Department of Marketing University, Taif - Saudi Arabia University, Alemam Alhadey –Sudan

almoutazanab@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the application of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model in Saudi National Bank. The (BSC) includes four aspects: financial, customer, internal processes, learning and growth, which strengthening the strategic financial performance of Saudi national banks. The study found the following results: The Saudi Arabia national banks have had a good recognition, that its success requires working actively and seriously to enhance the strategic financial performance. The banks have a clear perception of the basic dimensions of strategic financial performance, which can achieve a distinct strategic financial performance. (BSC) paradigm can be used with all its four aspects together separately to promote strategic financial performance for banks. The study concluded several recommendations: the need to adopt a Saudi national banks (BSC) model through the restructuring of the institutional culture, creating the necessary conditions for the activation of the process applied. Banks need to use a model. BSC is a way to rationalize the decisions of managers and guide their behavior and evaluate their performance. There is need to train and qualify the staff of the banks through participation in specialized courses to see how they apply the model (BSC) and its advantages. Qualified and capable technical expertise should be attracted to applying the model (BSC) in an efficient and effective way in the banks.

[Mohamed Almoutaz Almojtaba Ibrahim - Sabir Tagalsir Mohammed. Effect of Implementing Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Model in Enhancing Strategic Financial Performance of Saudi National Banks. Researcher 2013;5(3):36-45]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.06

Key words: Balanced Scorecard (BSC), performance, financial performance, strategic Saudi banks.

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Structure and magnetic properties of Ln_0.75Sr_0.25Mn_0.90Fe_0.10O₃ (Ln = Nd⁺³, Sm⁺³,Gd⁺³, Er⁺³) perovskite manganite prepared by high energy ball milling

A.G. Mostafa, M.Y. Hassaan and M. A. Motawea^*

Mössbauer Laboratory, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt. ^*abdo_metawea@yahoo.com

Abstract: The following perovskites Ln_0.75Sr_0.25Mn_0.90Fe_0.10O₃ (Ln = Nd⁺³, Sm⁺³, Gd⁺³, Er⁺³) have been prepared by by high energy ball milling method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed the presence of the single crystalline perovskite phase, orthorhombic system with (Pbnm) space group. The crystallite size and the lattice parameters decrease gradually with substitution Nd⁺³ by Sm⁺³, Gd⁺³, or Er⁺³. Specific surface area increase and Scanning Electron Microscopy, can be see that the particle morphology decrease with substitution Nd⁺³ by Sm⁺³, Gd⁺³, or Er⁺³ of Ln_0.75 Sr_0.25 Mn_0.90 Fe_0.10O₃ (Ln = Nd⁺³, Sm⁺³, Gd⁺³, Er⁺³). The magnetic measurements showed that soft ferromagnetic materials.

[Mostafa AG., Hassaan MY, Motawea M A. Structure and magnetic properties of Ln_0.75Sr_0.25Mn_0.90Fe_0.10O₃ (Ln = Nd⁺³, Sm⁺³,Gd⁺³, Er⁺³) perovskite manganite prepared by high energy ball milling. Researcher 2013;5(3):46-51]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.07

Key words: ball milling, perovskites, magnetic properties.

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[Researcher. 2013;5(3):52-59]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 8

withdrawn

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Study the Electronic, Magnetic and Magnetotransport Properties of SrRuO₃ (Strontium Ruthenate) Including their Crystal Structure

S Pradhan¹, M Sakil², G S Roy^3*

1. Kishore Nagar College, Cuttack, Odisha, India

2. S.M College, Asureswar, Cuttack, Odisha, India

3. Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak, Odisha, India

gsroy2004@gmail.com

Abstract: SrRuO₃ is endowed with three remarkable features. First, it is a moderately correlated material that exhibits several novel physical properties; second, it permits the epitaxial growth of essentially single-crystal films; and third, because it is a good conductor, it has attracted interest as a conducting layer in epitaxial heterostructures with a variety of functional oxides. In this paper we have discussed regarding the general properties, crystalline structure, electronic properties, magnetic properties and magnetotransport properties of the SrRuO_3.

[S Pradhan, M Sakil, G S Roy. Study the Electronic, Magnetic and Magnetotransport Properties of SrRuO₃ (Strontium Ruthenate) Including their Crystal Structure. Researcher. 2013;5(3):60-62]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 9

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.09

Keywords: SrRuO₃ (Strontium Ruthenate), Pervoskite, Ferromagnet.

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Study the Crystal Structure and Phase Transition of BaTiO₃ – A Pervoskite

S Pradhan¹, G S Roy^2*

1. Kishore Nagar College, Cuttack, Odisha, India

2. Chairman,CHSE, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

gsroy2004@gmail.com

Abstract: Perovskites belong to one of the largest oxide families. The interesting physical properties and important applications have been widely investigated in this system since the last century. Among the large perovskite family, one of the most important groups is the ferroelectric oxide, which possesses extremely high values of dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, as well as good dielectric tunability. Ferroelectricity has been known since the 1920s and ferroelectricity in perovskite BaTiO₃ (BTO) was first discovered in the 1940s. In the present work we have studied the pervoskite nature of BaTiO₃ (BTO) with its Crystal structure and phase transition.

[S Pradhan, G S Roy. Study the Crystal Structure and Phase Transition of BaTiO₃ – A Pervoskite. Researcher. 2013;5(3):63-67]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 10

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.10

Keywords: BaTiO_3, Pervoskite, Ferroelectricity.

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Remote Sensing Application of Image Processing

R K Samantaray

REC, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

samantaray.ranjan75@gmail.com

Abstract: Remote sensing image processing is nowadays a mature research area. The techniques developed in the field allow many real-life applications with great societal value. For instance, urban monitoring, fire detection or flood prediction can have a great impact on economical and environmental issues. To attain such objectives, the remote sensing community has turned into a multidisciplinary field of science that embraces physics, signal theory, computer science, electronics, and communications. From a machine learning and signal/image processing point of view, all the applications are tackled under specific formalisms, such as classification and clustering, regression and function approximation, image coding, restoration and enhancement, source unmixing, data fusion or feature selection and extraction. This paper serves as a survey of methods and applications, and reviews the last methodological advances in remote sensing image processing.

[R K Samantaray. Remote Sensing Application of Image Processing. Researcher. 2013;5(3): 68-72]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 11

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.11

Keywords: Remote sensing, machine learning, signal and image processing, survey, applications.

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Nonlinear Phenomena in Optical Multi-Channel Transmission Systems

N Das¹, G S Roy², R N Satapathy^3*

1. Govt Vocational Junior College, Bahugram, Cuttack,Odiha, India

2. CHSE, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

3. Hi-Tech Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

niranjan.das@gmail.com

Abstract: In order to increase the reliability of numerical models for the design of optical multi-channel WDM transmission systems all significant nonlinear effects are simultaneously included in our fiber model. Our improved model for the erbium-doped fiber amplifier also takes into account a significant nonlinear phase shift.

[N Das, G S Roy, R N Satapathy. Nonlinear Phenomena in Optical Multi-Channel Transmission Systems. Researcher. 2013;5(3):73-75]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 12

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.12

Keywords: Multi-channel, WDM, EDFA.

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The Basic Properties (Morphology & Conduction) of Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Gas Sensing Application

R K Das¹, G S Roy^2*

1. J.K.B.K Govt College, Cuttack, Odisha, India

2. CHSE, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Abstract: Widely used gas sensor types in house and workplace are semiconductor type and catalytic type. In general, semiconductor gas sensor has good merits in sensitivity. Semiconductor metal oxide thin films have been extensively used for gas sensors as their conductivity changes due to interactions with gas molecules. Such sensors also offer low cost, easy fabrication and consistent performance with respect to other type of gas sensors. Recently, there is an increasing trend to use specifically engineered structured materials as gas sensing elements. The use of such structured materials such as belts, rods and wires in micro-, meso- or nano-dimensions, offer high surface to volume ratios and unique structural features that are expected to enhance the properties and performance of gas sensors. Such structured oxide based chemical sensors were also found to decrease the device response time due to rapid diffusion of gaseous species into the materials’ micro-, meso- and nano-porosities. In this paper we have discussed regarding the basic principle of metal oxide gas sensor application.

[R K Das, G S Roy. The Basic Properties (Morphology & Conduction) of Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Gas Sensing Application. Researcher. 2013;5(3):76-81]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net. 13

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050313.13

Keywords: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOX), Poisson’s Equation, Debye Length

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