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Electrochemical Behavior and Corrosion Inhibition of Zinc Electrode in Solutions of (NH₄)₂SO₄ Containing Ce(IV) Ions

W. A. M. Hussein ¹, E. M. Attia ¹, I.M. Ghayad² and W. A. M. Ghanem ²

¹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (for Girls), Al- Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

² Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI)

wallaahmed@yahoo.com

Abstract: The corrosion behavior of Zn in (NH₄)₂SO₄ solutions in absence and in the presence of Ce(IV) ions and the effect of adding two different surfactants as corrosion inhibitors was studied using potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and cyclic voltammetry techniques complemented with scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). In (NH₄)₂SO₄ solutions, the E/I curves indicated active/passive transition peak in the anodic region which become more active by increasing sulfate ion concentration. Increasing the scan rate has no effect on the corrosion rate while the combined effect of sulfate and Ce(IV) ions accelerate the corrosion rate than that caused by (NH₄)₂SO₄ alone. This complemented by potentiostatic polarization technique which indicated that the stability of the oxide film is affected by the applied potentials. The addition of sodium salt of N-(2-hydroxy-3- sulfopropyl)-5- stearyl -1,3,4-triazole-2-thione (17T-HSP) and potassium salt of N-(carboxymethyl)- 5- stearyl -1,3,4-triazole-2-thione (17T-CM) lead in all cases to inhibition of the corrosion process but with low values. Surfactant 17T-CM inhibits the anodic reaction only, while 17T-HSP depressing both the anodic and cathodic reactions. The difference in molecular structure contributes to the different adsorption mechanism. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were tested for fitting the experimental data of the studied compounds.

[W. A. M. Hussein, E. M. Attia, I.M.Ghayad and W. A. M. Ghanem^. Electrochemical Behavior and Corrosion Inhibition of Zinc Electrode in Solutions of (NH₄)₂SO₄ Containing Ce(IV) Ions. Researcher 2014;6(1):1-11]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.01

Keywords: Zinc; Corrosion; inhibition; polarization; Surfactant.

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Efficient in vitro regeneration of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Sharad Vats^1*, Pallavi Solanki², Afroz Alam¹

¹Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University-304022 (Rajasthan), India

² Department of Biotechnology, IIS University, Jaipur-302020 (Rajasthan), India

^* vats_sharad@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: Efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocol was developed using nodal and cotyledonary node explant of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Maximum response in terms of shoot regeneration was observed in MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.5 ppm) and NAA (0.25ppm). The regenerated shoots were cultures on rooting medium supplemented with different doses of IBA. The best response was observed in 3 ppm IBA. In vitro regenerated plantlets with well developed roots were successfully established in soil.

[Vats S, Solanki P, Alam A. Efficient in vitro regeneration of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Researcher 2014;6(1):12-15]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.02

Key Words: Vigna radiata; NAA; regenerated shoots; IBA; Plantlets

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Effect of Direct Seeding and Transplanting on the Performance of Maize (Zea may L.) in South-Western Nigeria

¹*Adesina J. M., ²Afolabi. L. A., ³Aderibigbe, A. T. B. and ⁴Sanni, K. O.

^1-3Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P. M. B 1019, Owo, Ondo state, Nigeria. Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, Lagos State Polytechnic, P. M. B. 1007, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria.

* moboladesina@yahoo.com. Tel: +2348037110905

Abstract：The experiment was conducted to find out the effects of direct seeding and transplant age on the growth and performance of maize. TZSR-Y-1 and TZESR-Y maize seeds were planted directly and seedlings were transplanted at 9, 14, 19, and 24 days after planting (DAP). Results from the study revealed that there were significant differences between the treatment in terms of leaf area and total dry matter at 25 days after transplanting. Seedling transplanted at 14 DAP had a significantly higher leaf area than the other transplants and direct seeded crops. Direct seeded crops had a significantly higher dry matter than the seedlings  transplanted at 19 DAP. From the studies, it may be concluded that seedlings of  maize can be transplanted at 14 DAS without serious retardation at the vegetative growth stage.

[Adesina J. M.,  Afolabi. L. A., Aderibigbe, A. T. B. and  Sanni, K. O. Effect of Direct Seeding and Transplanting on the Performance of Maize (Zea may L.) in South-Western Nigeria. Researcher 2014;6(1):16-20]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.03

Keywords: Days after planting; Maize; Seedling; Transplanting; Variety.

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Realization of intellectual capital in Physical Education Departments of Isfahan Province

Dr. Mohammad Soltan Hosseini¹, Dr. Abolfazl Farahani², Masoumeh Aghasoleimani³ (Corresponding author)

^1. Assistant Professor in Sports Management, Isfahan University

^2. Professor in Sports Management, Payam-e-Noor University

^3. MSc in Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran

m.aghasoleimani@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the fulfillment of intellectual capital in the Physical Education departments. The research method is descriptive - survey and population included employees of departments of physical education was considered in 2011. After a preliminary study on a sample size of 204 was obtained from the questionnaires were completed and returned by 190. Stratified cluster random sampling method was used for the statistical community. Researcher made questionnaire of 48 questions based on intellectual capital Comments Bontis et al. (1991), respectively. The analytical data obtained from the instrument to measure one variable t method was used. Findings concerning intellectual capital resulting average (3.55) of the presumptive average (3) the larger the resulting t was larger than the critical value table. The resulting average for human capital (3.58) of the presumptive average (3) larger than the critical value of "t" obtained was a larger table. Of customer funds, resulting average (3.51) of the presumptive average (3) larger than the critical value of "t" obtained was a larger table is considered. The capital structure of resulting average (3.55) of the presumptive average (3) larger than the critical value of t obtained was a larger table. F observed at  showed a significant difference in level between employees based on gender, education level and work experience on the application level components of intellectual capital (human capital Customer capital, structural capital) was observed in Departments of Physical Education.

[Dr. Mohammad Soltan Hosseini, Dr. Abolfazl Farahani, Masoumeh Aghasoleimani. Realization of intellectual capital in Physical Education Departments of Isfahan Province. Researcher 2014;6(1):21-27]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.04

Keywords: intellectual capital, human capital, structural capital, customer capital, physical education offices.

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Semen Quality And Spermatozoa Morphology Of Clarias Gariepinus Broodstock Fed Two Different Feed Levels

Dominic Olabode Odedeyi^* and Abiodun Adeyemi Eniade^**

*^, **Adekunle Ajasin University, Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, P.M.B. 01, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.

E-mail: bodeyi@yahoo.com or millenium_success@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of two different feeding levels of feed fed to African catfish, Clarias gariepinus broodstocks on semen quality were investigated. Forty eight, 9 months old hatchery bred male (sub-adults), with mean weight (125 + 0.90g) were acclimated in a concrete tank of 2m x 2m x 1m and fed commercial pellets (Durantee) for two weeks. Thereafter they were randomly distributed into two tanks 2m x 2m x 1m, each tank containing 24 units of fish. Treatment 1 were fed 2% body weight while Treatment 2 were fed 4% body weight for fourteen weeks to allow sexual maturation. Semen was collected individually from all members of the two treatments. Sperm concentration, motility, motility duration, number of sperm cells and volume of semen were measured in order to compare the semen parameters. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means followed by Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS 17.0 Software on Windows 7.0 application. Results showed that broodstocks fed 4% bodyweight produced more spermatozoa, had higher concentration of sperm and more volume of semen. The duration of motility and rate of motility were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), thus feeding at 4% body weight is preferred. Morphology of the spermatozoa from the two feeding levels was discussed.

[Dominic Olabode Odedeyi and Abiodun Adeyemi Eniade. Semen Quality And Spermatozoa Morphology Of Clarias Gariepinus Broodstock Fed Two Different Feed Levels. Researcher 2014;6(1):28-32]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.05

Key words: Broodstock, Semen volume, Spermatozoa motility, Sperm cells, Sperm morphology, Feeding levels, Clarias gariepinus, Sperm concentration.

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Reconfiguration of distributed systems With Distributed Generators

Mehdi Ali Babaei¹, Davod asemani², mohammad ali babaei³

¹Department of Engineering, Amir Kabir of Arak University, Iran, mahdi_babaii_1387@yahoo.com¹

²Department of Engineering, Khaje Nasir Toosi University, Tehran, Iran

³M. A. of Islamic Azad University, Ashtian, Iran

Abstract: Network configuration in distribution networks in order to reduce losses, increase network reliability and power quality improvement in network. Is replenished. Key to open and close the power distribution system reconfiguration for changing the network topology, followed by a shift in the power flow. Many studies in the field of distribution network reconfiguration and lack of presence of distributed generation sources with different goals such as reducing losses and increasing stability. Taken. In this paper, the distribution network reconfiguration presence and absence of dispersed sources using Ant Colony optimization algorithm (ACO) aims to achieve load balancing factor on minimizing the power losses increase and improve the implementation of a network of bus 33. Simulation results have been compared with Genetic Algorithm.

[Mehdi Ali Babaei, Davod asemani, mohammad ali babaei. Reconfiguration of distributed systems With Distributed Generators. Researcher 2014;6(1):33-36]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.06

Keywords: ant algorithms, distributed generation, distribution systems, optimization.

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Magnesium Level in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Ali Raza Memon Abdul Sattar Khan, Faiza Memon, Rafiq Ahmed Jalbani

Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.

Corresponding Author: Dr. Ali Raza Memon

aliraza_dr@outlook.com

Abstract: Magnesium plays important roles in physiological function of the body organs because magnesium is an essential mineral. Present study was to determine magnesium levels in serum of fifty pulmonary tuberculosis patients and fifty controls magnesium was determined using a Hitachi atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan). Magnesium level was significantly decreased in pulmonary tuberculosis patients as compared with the controls. In order to better understand the role of magnesium in pulmonary tuberculosis further clinical studies are required

[Ali Raza Memon, Abdul Sattar Khan, Rafiq Ahmed Jalbani. Magnesium Level in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Researcher 2014;6(1):37-38]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.07

Key words: Magnesium, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

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Anthropogenic disturbances and regeneration status of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. in Ponda Watershed, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir

Sanjay Sharma and Junaid Ahmed ^*

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu-180006, India

*Email: ahmed.ju.env@gmail.com

Abstract: The present work was conducted with an aim to study the anthropogenic disturbances and regeneration status of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. in Ponda watershed of Rajouri Forest Range, J&K, India.  Random sampling was carried out by laying fourty sample plots, covering different forest sites of the study area, using 20 x 20 m and 5 x 5m size of sample plots for studying trees and shrubs/saplings and 1m×1m for seedlings laid within in each of 20m×20m sample plot laid for trees in forest area, respectively. A semi-quantitative assessment of disturbances was carried out using a six-point scale (0-5). Results of the study revealed that forests in study area suffer from various anthropogenic disturbances like burning, over-grazing, felling, soil erosion, resin tapping, damage to trees/mortality, litter removal, etc. having varied levels of severity. Grazing was found having very high severity in study area with cumulative score of 86, whereas, litter removal, fire and mortality showed high severity of disturbance having cumulative score of 67, 61 and 60, respectively. The overall regeneration status of Pinus roxburghii was fairly good in the study area with density of seedling, saplings and adults of 6050, 258 and 211.25 individuals/ha, respectively.

[Sharma, S and Ahmed, J. Anthropogenic disturbances and regeneration status of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. in Ponda Watershed, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir. Researcher 2014;6(1):39-44]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 8. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.08

Keyword; Anthropogenic disturbance, regeneration status, watershed, cumulative score etc.

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Review of three main factors affecting the education of students by emphasizing on the importance of psychology

Saeed Mosavi

PhD in Educational Psychology, lecturer in University of Science and Culture of Kashmar, lecturer in Payam Noor University of Bardaskan

mosavi35@yahoo.com

Abstract: creative learning in students would be final purpose of all educational systems. Several factors may play a role in achieving this important that generally divided into two categories within the inside school and outside of school. Students increase their efforts and teachers improve their teaching methods, school administrators and assistants, as well as proper training through space trying to pass the obstacles to learning. In the meantime, the family is trying to provide a space for your child to relax but learning is not a concern. But what makes up an important part of all the above factors, knowledge of psychology and how to apply it to achieve the learning process is a dynamic process. This article is trying to factors affecting the teaching process students explored and under review. Thus, taking into account the following assumptions, seeks to provide a systematic and appropriate response to the issue is: 1) Social and family factors and academic performance of primary school students has a significant effect. 2) Fifth grade students' academic performance of individual factors has a significant effect. 3) School of the academic performance of primary school students has a significant effect.

[Saeed Mosavi. Review of three main factors affecting the education of students by emphasizing on the importance of psychology. Researcher 2014;6(1):45-50]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 9. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.09

Key words: Educational Psychology; creative learning; Social and family factors

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Developing a new model for estimating risk in a supply chain based on domino effect

Abolfazl Kazemi¹, Leila Ahmadpour ², Manouchehr Omidvari³

^1,2,3 Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

l.ahmadpour@qiau.ac.ir

Abstract: The industrial world as we know it today has become a global network of demand and supply nodes, interlinked through interacting logistics systems. The Internet and  related ‘e-services’ have opened up the demand and supply markets of the world, so that the ‘next-door’ marketplace could as well be the ‘next-continent’ marketplace. These systems are complex entities with multiple physical and virtual relationships, and multiple internal and external interfaces. On the other hand, high demands are put on both the quality of the products and services, and on the supply chain regularity and dependability. Whether the product is to be a part of a more complex product, or the final product for consumption or use by consumers or professional users, the product is expected to be available when needed, and as promised. In the search for improved effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain systems, in this paper a mathematical model is developed for the quantitative assessment of delay risk based on interactions in a supply chain. Then interactions will be applied in order to carry out the overall quantitative risk assessment.

[Kazemi A, Ahmadpour L, Omidvari M. Developing a new model for estimating risk in a supply chain based on domino effect. Researcher 2014;6(1):51-55]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 10. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.10

Key words: supply chain management, domino effect, risk estimation

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Analysing and Ranking the Effective Factors for Developing a New Product in an Automotive Industry Using DEMATEL Method (Saipa company)

Mohsen Heidarinezhad

Department of Industrial Management, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qazvin, Iran

Email: heidarinejad_mohsen@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study we try to analyse the effective factors in new product development and theimpact of these factors on each using DEMATEL Method. To identify critical influential factors, the authors studied and reviewed relevant literature from numerous fields of study associated with the essential issues of new product development. Results gained from DEMATEL method show that management and staff have great impact on success of NPD implementation among main aspects. Among criteria of management and staff‚ motivation in product development team members has great influence on other criteria. Moreover, among criteria of technological factor‚production in time and cost appropriate has significant influence on other criteria. Among criteria of marketing factor‚focus on the customer has great influence on other criteria. Among criteria of organizational factors ‚ cooperation of different levels has great influence on other criteria. Also‚ among criteria of commercialization factor ‚ product superior to competitors has great influence on other criteria.

[Heidarinezhad M. Using DEMATEL Method to Analyse the Effective Factors in New Product Development in an Automotive Industry (Saipa company). Researcher 2014;6(1):56-64]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 11 . doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.11

Keywords: New product development, Multi-criteria decision making, DEMATEL method

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Why and How Tsarist Russia Gained Hegemony over central Asia (in 19^th and 20^th centuries)

Seyed Abbas Ali Razavi piranshahi

Department of History, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran

ABSTRACT: Following the industrial revolution in Europe and intensification and expansion of colonialism of Europeans in the Eas, Russia being for from the industrial revolution, would not want to be exempt from this rule (that is, finding colonies). Thus, according to the scheme to reach central Asia-which Russia had it on the agenda since the time of peter the great (1682-1725)-Russia began to influence the lands leading to the Persian Gulf following the treaties of Gulistan and torkaman Chay (1814, and 1828, respectively) where Russia could dominate over parts of the north-west Iran, treaty of Akhal (1881)under border treaty of Akhal, khanate of Turkestan and maveraunnehr (transoxiana), who were subjects to Persian kings, were separated from the territory of Persia (Iran) for ever and Iran's northern borders were limited to the current boundaries. The territories separated from the mother land (Iran), now referred to as central Asia, became one of the main dominance and Russia Russians have been able to maintain their dominance and privilege to this time.

[Seyed Abbas Ali Razavi piranshahi. Why and How Tsarist Russia Gained Hegemony over central Asia (in 19^th and 20^th centuries) Researcher 2014;6(1):65-72]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 12. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.12

KEYWORDS: industrial revolution, colonialism, colony, Russia, central Asia, Iran

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Local Methods Of Insect Pest Control In Ogoni Lands Rivers State -A Review

Offor U.S, Nwi – Ue S. Waka, And D. D. Jumbo

Department Of Agricultural Science, Rivers State University Of Education, Ndele Campus, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

E-Mail: sos2212003@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: A review of available local methods of insect pest control in ogoni land, Rivers state was made. Major economic importance of insect and most common available types were x-rayed. Of most likely effects, damage on seedlings, mature plants and under storage were Identified. Intercropping, use of plant extracts, wood ash, sand, dust and quick lime were the most common local methods used in control of insect pest in Ogoni- Land.

[Offor U.S, Nwi – Ue S. Waka, And D.D. Jumbo. Local Methods Of Insect Pest Control In Ogoni Lands Rivers State -A Review. Researcher 2014;6(1):73-76]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 13. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.13

Key word: Local method, insect pest, crops and pest control

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Influence of Irradiation on the Electric Conductivity and Crystallization of Ge_1-x Si_x Films 

H. M. Mahdavi¹, R.S. Madatov^1,2 , and U. F. Faradzhov^1,2

¹Institute of Radiation Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, ul. F. Agaeva 9, Baku, AZ-1143 Republic of Azerbaijan

2National Aviation Academy of Azerbaijan, Baku.

mahdavi1382@yahoo.com

Abstract -In this work, the methodology of getting thin layers on the basis of Ge_1-xSi_x was used. The thin layers formation speed is 's' in 1 Å/s - 1000 Å/s. The ability of the quasi – amorphous condition of thin layers on the basis of Ge _0.85 Si _0.15 (h~100nm) to stay up to 530 K temperature was determined. It was shown experimentally that irradiation with electrons under an accelerating voltage enhances the crystallization in the films and lowers their electric conductivity.

[H. M. Mahdavi, R.S. Madatov, and U. F. Faradzhov. Influence of Irradiation on the Electric Conductivity and Crystallization of Ge_1-x Si_x Films. Researcher 2014;6(1):77-82]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 14. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.14

Keywords: germanium–silicon alloy, epitaxial, film, electro physical property, hetero structure

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Designing and compiling first grade primary Persian book in terms of research-based approach and comparing it to current Persian book in order to increase and persuade students’ creativity from viewpoints of teachers and curricular experts in academic year 2013-14

Parvin Salari Chineh¹ (Corresponding author), Ezatollah Naderi², Maryam Seif Naraghi³

1. PhD student of Department of Educational sciences, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN

2. PhD, Professor of Department of Educational sciences, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN

3. PhD, Professor of Department of Educational sciences, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN

Abstract: The aim of this study is to design and compile research content for first grade primary Persian book in terms of research-based components including stimulation of curiosity feeling and problem seeking, planning for research and how to educate process of data gathering by observation and other sources for data transfer and comparing it to current book using views of teachers and experts. This research is applicable in type and background methodology has been used in order to do this research. For this purpose, statistical population of teachers and curricular experts was used. 51 teachers and 14 curricular experts were chosen using random sampling. Considering that the aim of research is to investigate similarity and agreement or dissimilarity and disagreement of two distributions (teachers and experts) on creativity dimensions in compiled and current books, χ2 square has been used to analyze data inferentially in order to decide whether agreement or disagreement of two distributions (teachers and experts) on two books is different regarding components of creativity. SPSS software, version 19 has been used to analyze data. Present research includes 3 hypotheses. Hypothesis 1: first grade primary Persian book organized regarding stimulation of curiosity and problem seeking (of research components) in students is more effective than current first grade primary Persian book. Hypothesis 2: first grade primary Persian book organized regarding planning for research (of research components) in students is more effective than current first grade primary Persian book. Hypothesis 3: first grade primary Persian book organized regarding how to train process of data gathering by observation and other resources for data transfer (of research components) in students is more effective than current first grade primary Persian book. All above mentioned hypotheses have been confirmed in text, image and activity in 0.01 level. First hypothesis has been confirmed considering component of sensitivity to problem (one of eight creativity components of Gilford). The second hypothesis has been confirmed considering four creativity components of Gilford namely synthesis, analysis, complexity and evaluation. Third hypothesis has been confirmed considering three creativity components namely fluidity, new ideas and flexibility. In general, considering research results in which hypotheses have been confirmed, it can be concluded that the author has been successful in designing and organizing first grade primary book in terms of research-based approach. In addition to research-based approach, the compiled book is able to increase and persuade creativity in students considering research results obtained from views of teachers and experts.

[Parvin Salari Chineh, Ezatollah Naderi, Maryam Seif Naraghi. Designing and compiling first grade primary Persian book in terms of research-based approach and comparing it to current Persian book in order to increase and persuade students’ creativity from viewpoints of teachers and curricular experts in academic year 2013-14. Researcher 2014;6(1):83-89]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 15. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.15

Keywords: Research Based approach, Creativity, sensitivity to the problem, fluidity, new ideas, flexibility, synthesis, analysis, complexity, evaluation.

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Comparative study of piety in Islam and Zoroastrianism

Fatemeh Ferdosi

Doctorate student of theology in Mashad Firdausi University, International branch. Teacher of Farhangian University, Shahid Bahonar Campus of Kerman

E-mail: f.r.ferdowsi@gmail.com, Cell phone: 00989132995452

Abstract: What has been studied in this literature is a comparative study of piety in Islam and Zoroastrianism. Piety is an ethical-theosophical concept that has negative or positive effect on life times. Since according to Zoroastrians, there is no piety in this religion, two religions of Islam and Zoroastrianism have been chosen for comparison and the most valid sources of these religions have been investigated with respect to piety. The research aim is to answer following questions: 1- is there piety in Zoroastrian religion? If there is piety in Zoroastrian religion, to what extent is it close to its Islamic concept? Research methodology is based on library and it has been tried to use Zoroastrian books, references and the most important references of Islamic religion. The analysis shows that despite according to Zoroastrians, there is no piety in this religion and there is a negative attitude towards it but there is a positive and poor piety that has been extracted from Islamic references and Zoroastrian history. In Islamic religion, piety has a special place and there are many topics in religious sources and Islamic history that prove both positive and negative pieties. What is emphasized by Quran, the prophet and his inmate is positive piety and it is very transparent and effective compared to Zoroastrian religion and has been emphasized by Islamic leaders due to its positive effects.

[Fatemeh Ferdosi. Comparative study of piety in Islam and Zoroastrianism. Researcher 2014;6(1):90-93]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 16. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.16

Keywords: Comparative study; piety; Islam; Zoroastrianism

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Comparing primary first grade Persian textbook compiled by Parvin Salari, PhD to current primary first grade Persian textbook in terms of research-centered, increase and encouragement of students’ creativity from views of teachers and experts of curriculum development in academic year 2011-2012.

Parvin Salari Chineh[1], Ezatollah Naderi[2], Maryam Seif Naraghi[3]

1. PhD student of Department of Educational sciences, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN. Email: afsanesalari@yahoo.com

2. PhD, Professor of Department of Educational sciences, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN.

3. PhD, Professor of Department of Educational sciences, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN.

Abstract: The present study is aimed to compare primary first grade Persian textbook compiled by Parvin Salari, PhD to current primary first grade Persian textbook in terms of research-centered, increase and encouragement of students’ creativity from views of teachers and experts of curriculum development in academic year 2011-2012. It is an applicable research and its methodology has been field research. For this purpose, statistical population of teachers and experts of curriculum development has been used. 51 teachers and 14 experts of curriculum development were chosen by random sampling. Considering that the aim of research is to study similarity and agreement or disagreement in distribution of views (professional teachers and experts) on creativity dimensions in two compiled and current textbooks, χ2 square test has been used to analyze data statistically. A questionnaire has been used to do the research and in order to study validity of the questionnaire, experts’ opinions have been applied. In order to study reliability of post-test, after two weeks, 15 persons from the sample (teachers and experts) responded the questionnaire with respect to current and compiled textbooks. Obtained correlation in different dimensions was between 0.71 and 0.79. In present study, Gilford’s 8 creativity components has been used in order to examine the hypothesis that text of compiled primary first grade Persian book is more effective than that of current book with respect to increase and encouragement of creativity in students, and results show that from views of teachers and experts, compiled book is superior to current book by 0.01 level in dimensions of text, image and activity in seven components of sensitivity to problem, new ideas, flexibility, composition, analysis, complexity and evaluation. Considering component of fluidity in dimension of texts, the compiled book is superior to the current book by 0.01 level and both books are fluid in dimensions of image and activity. Therefore this hypothesis has been confirmed. It can be concluded that the compiler has been successful in designing and formulating research-centered primary first grade Persian book and in addition to research-centered, the compiled book is able to increase and encourage creativity in students considering research result obtained from views of teachers ad experts.

[Parvin Salari Chineh, Ezatollah Naderi, Maryam Seif Naraghi. Comparing primary first grade Persian textbook compiled by Parvin Salari, PhD to current primary first grade Persian textbook in terms of research-centered, increase and encouragement of students’ creativity from views of teachers and experts of curriculum development in academic year 2011-2012. Researcher 2014;6(1):94-100]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 17. doi:10.7537/marsrsj060114.17

Keywords: Research Based approach, Creativity, sensitivity to the problem, fluidity, new ideas, flexibility, synthesis, analysis, complexity, evaluation.

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