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Nutritional and Functional Properties of Unripe Plantain, White Yam and Sweet Potato Amala

Sunmonu¹, B.A., Abdulsalam¹ F., Adeyanju², E.B., Akinsola³, O.O., Salimon³, R.Y., & Akinsola⁴, A.O.

¹Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara state, Nigeria

²Department of Home Economics, Federal University of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria

³Department of Home Economics, Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Home Economics, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Corresponding author: akinsola.akinjide1333@fcesoyo.edu.ng

Abstract: Nutritional and functional properties of unripe plantain, white yam and sweet potato amala were investigated. The samples were coded as sample FPP (unripe plantain flour), FYP (yam flour) and FSP (Sweet potato flour) and analyzed for nutritional and functional properties. Selected mineral content showed that calcium content ranged from 14.48 - 5.26 mg/100g; magnesium 29.83 - 92.66 mg/100g; sodium 7.18 - 86.27 mg/100g; potassium 214.85 - 413.43 mg/100g and iron content from 2.15 - 56.19 mg/100g. Total starch ranged from 56.98 - 69.71 % and total carbohydrate from 67.76 - 75.08 %. Functional properties showed that bulk density ranged from 0.66 - 0.78 g/100g; water absorption capacity 2.63 - 4.92 g/g; oil absorption capacity 1.80 - 4.64 g/g; emulsion capacity 3.69 - 4.58 %; emulsion stability 2.90 - 6.38 %; foam capacity 3.98 - 5.16 %; foaming stability 0.33 - 6.38 %; swelling capacity 4.23 - 8.29 %; swelling index 1.00 - 1.94 %; dispersibility 58.50 - 68.50 % and gelatinization temperature from 60.23 - 62.31 ^oC. Pasting properties showed that peak viscosity ranged from 142.22 - 368.63 RVU; trough 136.44 - 294.35 RVU; breakdown 21.67 - 26.77 RVU; final viscosity 182.36 - 463.24 RVU; setback 42.88 - 102.41 RVU; peak time 4.92 - 5.62 min and pasting temperature from 83.83 - 87.33 ^oC. The result revealed that flour produced from yam had high nutritional and chemical content over other flour samples produced.

[Sunmonu, B.A., Abdulsalam F., Adeyanju, E.B., Akinsola, O.O., Salimon, R.Y., & Akinsola, A.O. Nutritional and Functional Properties of Unripe Plantain, White Yam and Sweet Potato Amala. Researcher 2026;18(1):1-9]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 01. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180126.01

Keywords: Amala; gelatinization temperature; pasting properties; nutritional property; unripe plantain flour

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Effect of Decomposed Bee Hive Waste and Pig Manure on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield Performance of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)

¹Ijigbade, Justin Orimisan; ²Oyeleye, Taiwo Abraham and ³Johnson, Tomiwa Ayobami

^{1, 2}Department of Agricultural Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria

³Department of Crop Production Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria

Corresponding author: E-mail: ijigbadejustin55@gmail.com ¹

                          E-mail: abrahamtaiwo902@gmail.com ²

                          E-mail: johnsonayobami333@gmail.com ³

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of different application rates of decomposed beehive waste and pig manure on the soil properties, growth, and yield of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis). A randomized complete block design with a 3x3 factorial arrangement was used, with treatments including three rates of beehive waste (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 kg/5m²), three rates of PM (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 kg/5m²), and an untreated control. Initial analysis showed that both amendments had a neutral pH (7.21 for beehive waste, 7.08 for pig manure) compared to the acidic control soil (pH 6.19). Beehive waste exhibited higher levels of organic carbon (1.78%), organic matter (3.17%), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than pig manure.Thank youYour feedback helps Google improve. See our Privacy Policy.Share more feedbackReport a problemClose Both organic amendments significantly (P<0.05) enhanced all measured growth parameters compared to the untreated control. Pig manure treatments consistently resulted in superior vegetative growth, with the highest application rate (1.5 kg) producing the maximum vine length (302.0 ± 22.0 cm), number of leaves (134.0 ± 13.2), and shoot yield (2.8 ± 0.4 kg/m²). While pig manure maximized yield quantity, the proximate analysis revealed that fluted pumpkins grown with beehive waste had significantly (P<0.05) higher nutritional values including crude protein of 13.19 ± 0.71% for bee hive waste to 9.59 ± 0.71% of pig manure, lipid (5.46 ± 0.49% of beehive waste vs. 3.95 ± 0.05% of PM), and fiber (19.56 ± 0.22% of beehive waste vs. 17.05 ± 0.04% of pig manure). The findings suggest that while pig manure is more effective for maximizing biomass production, beehive waste is a superior amendment for enhancing the nutritional value of fluted pumpkins.

[Ijigbade, Justin Orimisan; Oyeleye, Taiwo Abraham and Johnson, Tomiwa Ayobami. Effect of Decomposed Bee Hive Waste and Pig Manure on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield Performance of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis). Researcher 2026;18(1):10-17]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 02. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180126.02

Keyword: Beehive waste; pig manure; fluted pumpkins; nutritional values

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Methods Of Using Interactive Cartographic Resources And Their Effectiveness In Increasing Students’ Ecological Activity

Alimdjanov Farkhodjon Nimadjonovich¹, Turdaliev Ibrokhim Erali ogli²

¹Lecturer, University of Business and Science, Namangan, 160107, Uzbekistan.

²Lecturer, Namangan State University, Namangan, 160107, Uzbekistan.

alimjanov.f@mail.ru ibrohimturdaliev@gmail.com

Abstract. The growing scale of environmental threats makes the formation of environmentally responsible and proactive student behavior one of the key tasks of higher education. Interactive cartographic resources-such as Web-GIS, online maps, story maps, and virtual excursions-represent a promising tool that allows visualizing the spatial distribution of ecological problems and connecting theoretical knowledge with the local context. The purpose of this article is to describe the methods of using interactive cartographic resources in higher education and assess their impact on students’ environmental activism. The research was conducted in the form of a quasi-experiment involving 120 students in environmental and geographical fields, divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group worked within a model that included the analysis of existing Web-GIS projects, the development of students’ own interactive maps of local ecological problems, and virtual ecological excursions. The results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in environmental knowledge, value orientations, and eco-oriented behavior among students in the experimental group compared with the control group. The strongest effect was observed in project-based work involving the creation of interactive maps of local environmental issues. The study concludes that deliberate integration of interactive cartographic resources into courses on ecology and sustainable development is highly beneficial and offers practical recommendations for educators.

[Alimdjanov F at. el. Methods Of Using Interactive Cartographic Resources And Their Effectiveness In Increasing Students’ Ecological Activity. Researcher 2026;18(1):18-21]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 03. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180126.03

Keywords: interactive cartographic resources; Web-GIS; environmental education; students’ environmental activism; ecological mapping; virtual excursions; digital didactics.

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Basics of Guinea Monsoon Time Scale : A review and revisit

Gangadhar

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:  Monsoon means a periodic seasonal reversing winds patterns in atmospheric circulation accompanied by climate and weather changes according to the year-to-year changes of movement of the Earth on its axial tilt (obliquity) between approximately 22.1 and 24.5 degrees to its path and revolves around the Sun in accordance with the Milankovitch cycles. Therefore, not only the countries in the tropical and subtropical regions, but also those wind patterns blowing in the countries in the polar regions should be considered monsoons. I proposed and designed the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales for all global, regional, local monsoon systems along with every country of the world for unraveling the mysteries; studying the characteristics of dynamics mechanisms and exercising the benefits of mankind and development.  According to the researches and studies on the Monsoon Time Scales, it is come to know that there will be severe climate changes and natural calamities in the coming years "i.e"  heavy rains, floods and storms etc. will occur until about 2075 and there will be droughts and famines etc. until about 2150. Through the establishment of Monsoon Time Scales, we can know the future consequences of climate changes and natural calamities. Plans can be made accordingly. As a part of them, the Guinea Monsoon Time Scale was proposed and designed by me in 1991 to study climate changes and natural calamities in advance. I call on world scientists to establish the Guinea Monsoon Time Scale  following the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales outlined below, based on the India Monsoon Time Scale which is successfully proved out in practice and  break down the mysteries of the Guinea  monsoon.      

[Gangadhar. Basics of Guinea Monsoon Time Scale : A review and revisit. Researcher 2026;18(1):22-80]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 04. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180126.04

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Geoscope systems (1980-87); Global Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Nature Cyclic Pattern Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope systems (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still) 

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The Three Major Institutional Barriers to Manufacturing in New York

Ma Hongbao, PhD

Candidate for Governor of New York State, 2026

Ma for New York 2026, Queens, New York, USA

Phone: 718-404-5362; Email: mafornewyork@gmail.com; Website: http://www.maforny.com

Abstract: This paper analyzes the long-term decline of manufacturing in New York State through an institutional cost framework. It argues that manufacturing contraction is not primarily driven by deficiencies in capital, technology, labor quality, or market access, but by structurally inflated institutional costs. Three primary barriers are identified: mandatory high minimum wage requirements, property taxation on productive real estate, and complex regulatory and legal systems. The paper further argues that universal basic income (UBI) and universal healthcare constitute necessary preconditions for labor-market flexibility and industrial cost normalization. The analysis concludes that manufacturing competitiveness depends on minimizing total social cost per unit of output rather than isolated policy adjustments.

[Ma Hongbao. The Three Major Institutional Barriers to Manufacturing in New York. Researcher 2026;18(1):81-84]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 05. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180126.05

Keywords: long-term decline; manufacturing; New York State; framework; deficiency; capital; technology; labor quality; minimum wage; universal basic income (UBI)

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Research on the Reconstruction of Neural Adaptive Cognitive Graph-driven Design Course for Innovative Talent Cultivation

BU Wei

School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang Harbin.

Abstract: In response to the core issues existing in traditional design education, such as "cognitive-practice disconnection", "single ability cultivation", and "subjective lag in evaluation", this study, based on cognitive science theories, proposes a design curriculum reconstruction paradigm of "neural adaptation cognitive graph-driven". By integrating the three paths of cognitive graph construction, neural feedback mechanism and cross-modal training, the system reconstructs teaching objectives, training scenarios and evaluation systems. Based on the empirical research data from universities such as MIT, a four-dimensional cognitive reconstruction model of "neurocognition - knowledge integration - skill training - innovation assessment" was established. Empirical results show that this model can significantly enhance students' prefrontal and parietal functional connectivity strength, the adoption rate of interdisciplinary solutions, as well as core innovation capabilities such as metacognition and emotional response, providing a scientific practical paradigm for the reform of design education.

[BU Wei. Research on the Reconstruction of Neural Adaptive Cognitive Graph-driven Design Course for Innovative Talent Cultivation. Researcher 2026;18(1):85-89]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 06. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180126.06

Keywords: Cultivation of innovative talents; Neural adaptation cognitive map; Curriculum Reconstruction.

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