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Effect of deficit irrigation on greenhouse cucumber root distribution and root tolerance index in hydroponics cultivation

Sanaz Yazdani¹, Abdol Rahim Hooshmand², Abd Ali Naseri³, Naser Alemzadeh Ansari⁴.

1.Msc Student of irrigation and drainage, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

^2.Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

3.Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.

4.Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.

Yazdani_sanaz@ymail.com

Abstract: The current research was done in a hydroponic culture during fall and winter in 2016 in a research greenhouse in Shahid Chamran Agricultural university of Ahwaz. The purpose of the study was to understand the effect of water stress on root distribution and root tolerance index of greenhouse cucumber including root length, root width, root volume, and root tolerance index. The irrigation was done by drip irrigation. The applied irrigation treatments were included three water need levels of 100%, 85% and 70% which were performed in a randomized complete design. The results showed that water stress has a significant effect on root length, root width and root tolerance index in the level of 1%, but has no significant effect on the volume of the root. Deficit irrigation is not recommended for the greenhouse cucumber because of the sensitivity of greenhouse cucumber to water deficit and significant decrease of length and width against deficit of irrigation water. When the water deficit is more serious in the region it is better that deficit irrigation was done after yielding or was done in a way that has the least effect on performance.

[Yazdani S, Hoshmand AR, Naseri AA, Alemzadeh Ansari N. Effect of deficit irrigation on greenhouse cucumber root distribution and root tolerance index in hydroponics cultivation. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):1-5]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.01.

Keywords: Cucumber; Root; Hydroponic Culture; Water Stress

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Efficacy of different plant extracts against bacterial leaf blight of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Muhammad Arsalan Manzoor¹, Muhammad Naeem^1*, Muhammad Asif², Mariam Jallani³, Annum Javaid Shah¹, Muhammad Danish¹, Muhammad Mehran Abbas¹,

¹Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author’s email: muhammadnaeem2614@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted to check the efficacy of different plant extract against Alternaria leaf blight of carrot. For this purpose, five carrot varieties named as Gold Mines, Red Core, Deep Red, Mah Rani and Long Red were sown under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with P×P separate 15cm and R×R remove 45cm with three replications of every assortment. Every single social practice was performed to keep the product in sound condition. Diseased samples were taken from infected field and brought to Plant Pathology lab for isolation of fungus. PDA media was used for the isolation of Alternaria dauci,. After isolation, culture was purified and multiplied to prepare inoculum for further processes. The disease was established in healthy carrot crop after inoculation. Extract of three plants viz. Neem (Azadirachta indica), Onion (Allium cepa) and Eucalyptus (Eucalytpus spp.) were prepared at three concentrations i.e. 100ppm, 150ppm and 200ppm, respectively. These extracts at each concentration were sprayed thrice at an interval of 7 days. The neem extract at concentration of 200ppm was much effective in reducing the incidence of A. dauci while eucalyptus extract at 100ppm was least effective in reducing the disease incidence as compared to control after 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd spray.

[Muhammad Arsalan Manzoor, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Asif, Mariam Jallani, Annum Javaid Shah, Muhammad Danish, Muhammad Mehran Abbas,. Efficacy of different plant extracts against bacterial leaf blight of carrot (Daucus carota L.). World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):6-10]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.02.

Key words: Alternaria leaf blight (ALB), Potato dextrose agar (PDA), Neem (Azadirachta indica).

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Estimate of Forest Productivity for Taizhishan Forest Farm Administration Bureau of Hubei Province

Liu Gang¹, Ning Shuxin², Yao Chonghuai ^3*

¹The College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

²Fuxin Higher Training College, Fuxin, China

³The College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

^* Correspondence author: Email: yao_chonghuai@mail.hzau.edu.cn

Abstract: Based on the stocking total volume productivity grade, the forest volume average increment productivity grade, the forest volume average increment productivity grade, the stand average volume grade and grade of the merchantable outturn of cutting limit, forest productivity for Taizhishan Forest Farm Administration Bureau of Hubei Province was estimated. Regardless of the actual productivity (12) and expected productivity (23), both of Taizhishan Forest Farm Administration Bureau are belongs to the lower end of the national average.

[Liu Gang Ning Shuxin Yao Chonghuai. Estimate of Forest Productivity for Taizhishan Forest Farm Administration Bureau of Hubei Province. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):11-14]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.03.

Key words: Actual productivity; Expected productivity; average increment grade

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The Effects of Poor Disposal of Refuse and Sewage by the Workers at Tayi Abattoir on the lives of the Residents of Tayi Village - A Case Study of Tayi Abattoir in Tayi Village-Chanchaga Local Government area of Minna Niger State North-Central Nigeria

Goshie, Samuel Ndagi¹ and Gogwim Moses Nicodemus²

Department of Biology, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria

Abstract: This study was conducted as a result of backdrop of poor sanitary situation experienced in slaughter houses nationwide, and was carried out to investigate the effects of poor disposal of refuse and sewage by workers at Tayi abattoir Minna, North central Nigeria on the lives of the residents of Tayi village, Minna. The essence of the study is to create awareness to the people of Tayi village and the workers of Tayi abattoir on the need to develop the culture and habit of good sanitation. The population of the study comprise of 100 people i.e. 80 residents of Tayi village and 20 workers of Tayi abattoir randomly selected. The main instruments employed for the gathering of data were questionnaire and observation. The study found out that the poor disposal of refuse and sewage by the workers at Tayi abattoir had significant effect on the health of the residents of Tayi village at P > 0.05 which led to the acceptance of hypothesis one (1). The following among others are the findings; the research shows that 95% of the respondents agreed that both workers/residents of Tayi abattoir and Tayi village have been victims of various diseases such as malaria fever, typhoid fever, cholera etc, while 70% of the respondents were of the view that they are not comfortable with the way and manner with which wastes generated at Tayi abattoir are disposed. The following among others are some of the recommendations made; waste collections and management authorities in the state should be properly organized to effectively carry out their duties. Agencies involved in the management of wastes should be effectively equipped with tools and machineries and most of all, the populace through public education should be enlightened about the ills and consequences of poor sanitation.

[Goshie, Samuel Ndagi and Gogwim Moses Nicodemus. The Effects of Poor Disposal of Refuse and Sewage by the Workers at Tayi Abattoir on the lives of the Residents of Tayi Village - A Case Study of Tayi Abattoir in Tayi Village-Chanchaga Local Government area of Minna Niger State North-Central Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):15-20]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.04.

keywords: effects, poordisposal, refuse/sewage, residents, Tayi Abbattoir

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: The Epidemiology, Cotrol And Its Economic Impact

Endeshaw Demil

Bahir Dar Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Laboratory, P.O. Box 70, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

Tel:+251913904973; email: enddemil@gmail.com

Summary: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an easily spread respiratory disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides small colony that infects the lungs of the animal. The principal route of infection is by the inhalation of infective droplets from animals active or carrier cases of the disease. An essential part of the pathogenesis of the disease is thrombosis in the pulmonary vessels, probably prior to the development of pneumonic lesions. The disease causes high morbidity and mortality losses to cattle. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia impacts animal health and poverty of livestock-dependent people through decreased animal productivity, reduced food supply, and the cost of control measures. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a barrier to trade in many African countries and this reduces the value of livestock and the income of many value chain stakeholders. The presence of CBPP also poses a constant threat to CBPP-free countries and creates costs in terms of the measures necessary to ensure the exclusion of disease. Control of CBPP is therefore important as a way to salvage the losses and increase the incomes. To carry out an effective control of CBPP through strategic vaccination the prerequisites are a thorough understanding of the seroprevalence of the disease.

[Endeshaw Demil . Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: The Epidemiology, Cotrol And Its Economic Impact . World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):21-30]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.05.

Key words: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Control, Economic impact, Epidemiology, Ethiopia

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The Relationship between Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in Heilongjiang Province

¹Jiang Kunqi, ^1*Guan Long, ²Zhou Zhenhua

¹School of Humanities, Social Sciences & Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China

²School of Economic Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China

*Correspondence author: guanlong@hit.edu.cn

Abstract: On the background of global integration, the impact of foreign trade on economic growth is growing. As the world's second largest economy, the relationship between foreign trade and economic development in China has strong research significance. Because of the large difference of various provinces and regions in China, it is of theoretical and practical significance to study the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in Heilongjiang Province alone. The foreign trade volume, import, export and GDP data of Heilongjiang Province from 1996 to 2015 are selected, and Eviews software is used. Through ADF unit root test, Granger causality and co-integration test, it is practical to conclude the exact relationship. And useful policies and suggestions for foreign trade development are put forward for reference by the government.

[Jiang Kunqi,  Guan Long, Zhou Zhenhua. The Relationship between Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in Heilongjiang Province. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):31-36]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.06.

Keywords: Heilongjiang foreign trade, dependence degree on foreign trade, Granger causality

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Retrosepective Study On Major Animal Disease And Mortality Rate In Selected Woredas, Benishagul - Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethioipia

*Asmamaw Aki Jano, Yami bote, Bayisa kenaw, G/hiwote W/michale

Regional Veterinary diagnostic, surveillance, monitoring and study laboratory; P.O. BOX, 326, Email: asmamawaki@gmail.com, Cell phone +251922232353

Abstract: Retrosepective study was conducted in seven woredas of 36 kebeles in the region in 2016; Benishangul Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia. Survey were conducted on major animal disease, mortality rate, questionnaire survey, economic impact, vaccination and treatment status. In this study, 180 farmers and 43 experts were interviewed / participated in the survey. In this study, CBPP, FMD, PPR, CCPP, Sheep and Goat pox, Bovine Pasteurellosis, LSD; Black leg; NCD and Anthrax were reported as major animal disease occured as outbreak form. Among this, CBPP, FMD, Sheep and goat pox, NCD and PPR were investigated as transboundary animal disease. Trypanosomosis, internal parasites, ectoparasites and Babesia were surveyed as endemic disease in the study sites. In surveyed sites, 276,778 (42.26%) cattle, sheep and goats were vaccinated. During study period, crude animal mortality rate were 21.46 % for cattle; 22.1 % for sheep; 22.52 % for goat; 6.75 % for equines and 75.1 % poultry and so mortality rate excluding poultry were 18.20 %. High mortality rate were recorded in Dangur and kurmuk woreda, and low in wombera and Yaso. Similarly, high poultry mortality rate were reported in kurmurk, and low in wombera. And also LSD=2.32%, CBPP=2.91%, Anthrax=0.87%, PPR=21.97%, Sheep and goat pox=7.20%, CCPP=10.92%, NCD=52.32%, Rabies=1.46% proportional mortality rate and Trypanosomosis= 28.72%, internal parasites=26.39% and ectoparasites =13.46% proportional morbidity rate were studied. Farmers expense due to treatment cost were 16,310,44 birr. In addition, because of animal death, economic impact recorded were 78,830,840 birr and also, death and treatement cost were 80,461, 884 birr. Because of animal disease, shortage of pasture, illegal trade and animal movement, and poor management, mortality rate were increased. In studied area, un strategic treatment and vaccination service, less monitoring and evaluation system, less surveillance and assessment were main gap identified. Therefore, strategic prevention and control policy would be implemented properly in study area so as to prevent problems ecountered.

[Asmamaw Aki Jano, Yami bote, Bayisa kenaw, G/hiwote W/michale. Retrosepective Study On Major Animal Disease And Mortality Rate In Selected Woredas, Benishagul - Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethioipia. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):37-49]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.07.

Key words: woredas, mortality rate, outbreak, endemic and transboundary animal disease

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Foliar Application Effect of Boron, Calcium and Nitrogen on Vegetative and Reproductive Attributes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L)

Shoukat Sajad^1*, M. Irfan Ashraf¹, Bilal Hussain¹, M. Sajjad¹, Shahid Sattar², M. Adnan¹, M. Sulaman Saeed², M. Ismail³, Hasnain Sharafat Ali¹, M. Abdullah¹

¹Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Institute of Soil Science, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author’s Email: Imshoukat@outlook.com

Abstract: The goal of this study was to observe the impact of different nutrients and their combinations on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) cultivar named nagina was used at Horticultural Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Parameters like plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight (g), yield per plant (kg), number of infected fruits per plant, total soluble solids%, Vitamin C at Fruit Ripening, fruit color were studied. Different combinations and concentrations of boron, calcium and nitrogen were used as treatments in earlier experiments to study their performance and the best one selected for tomato crop. The combinations used were T₀ (Control), T₁ (Boron = 0.1% solution), T₂ (Boron = 0.2% solution), T₃ (Calcium = 0.2% solution), T₄ (Calcium = 0.3% solution), T₅ (Nitrogen = 2% solution), T₆ (Nitrogen = 2% solution), T₇ (Boron = 0.1% + Calcium = 0.2% solution), T₈ (Boron = 0.1% + Calcium = 0.3% solution), T₉ (Boron = 0.2% + Calcium = 0.2% solution), T₁₀ (Boron = 0.2% + Calcium = 0.3% solution), T₁₁ (Boron = 0.1% + Calcium = 0.2% + nitrogen = 2% solution) and T₁₂ (Boron = 0.2% + Calcium = 0.3% + nitrogen = 3% solution).

[Shoukat Sajad, M. Irfan Ashraf, Bilal Hussain, M. Sajjad, Shahid Sattar, M. Adnan, M. Sulaman Saeed, M. Ismail, Hasnain Sharafat Ali, M. Abdullah. Foliar Application Effect of Boron, Calcium and Nitrogen on Vegetative and Reproductive Attributes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L). World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):50-53]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.08.

Key Words: tomato, boron, calcium, nitrogen, growth and yield.

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Path Analysis of Harvest Regulation with Selective Cutting

Liu Gang¹, Xu Shendong²*, Yang Shanglai², Feng Jinghua²

¹The College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

²Administration of the Dalaoling National Reserve in the Three Gorges, Yichang, China

^* Correspondence author: Email: 296107883@qq.com

Abstract: The forest harvest regulation with selective cutting is one kind of forestry optimization model. Firstly, decision variable and matrix of restrain condition were established. Secondly, Cutting area and remaining area were calculated for Taizhishan Forest Farm Administration Bureau in Hubei Province. Finely, selective cutting path were analysed for 6 periods.

[Liu Gang, Xu Shendong, Yang Shanglai, Feng Jinghua. Path Analysis of Harvest Regulation with Selective Cutting. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):54-57]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.09.

Key words: Path analysis; Harvest regulation; Selective rutting

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Review Biomedical Improvement of IVF Technology in Developed and Undeveloped Countries

Mostafa Asghari Dilmani¹, Yadollah Omidi²

^1. PhD in Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

^2. PhD in Pharmaceutics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

mosti.asghari@gmail.com

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is review of biomedical improvement of IVF technology in several countries to investigate their conditions about this important issue; all based on biomedical perspective. So, some main factors such as growth, regulatory laws, infertility ratio for IVF acceptance both by government and people were investigated. To date these intentions and declarations have hardly been translated into the formulation and implementation of concrete, comprehensive and systematic infertility care. We considered 10 countries for this purpose and finally we suggest some critical ways to more and fast improvement for growth and development of biomedical improvement of IVF technology.

[Mostafa Asghari Dilmani, Yadollah Omidi. Review Biomedical Improvement of IVF Technology in Developed and Undeveloped Countries. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):58-61]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.10.

Keywords: Biomedical Improvement, IVF Technology, regulatory of IVF

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Impact of Climate Change on net Irrigation Water Requirement of major crops in the semi-arid regions of Northern Ethiopia

Babak Mohammadi

Department of water engineer, Agriculture faculty, University of Tehran, Babakmsh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Climate change (CC) and variability are a serious threat to crop production in the semi-arid areas of Northern Ethiopia. Understanding the impact of CC on irrigation water requirement (IWR) of crops is essential for water managers and producers to understand its impact and devise adaptation measures that must be taken ahead of time. In this study, CropWat model was used to study the impact of CC on Maize and Onion IWR in the semi-arid region of Ethiopia. Downscaled CC data from global climate models (GCMs) and emission scenarios, Representative Concentration Paths (RCPs): RCP_4.5 and RCP_8.5 were used as an input to CropWat model and develop projections of IWR in the 2045-2074 and 2075-2100. The findings showed that CC will significantly change net IWR of the crops in the next 86 years. Considering the mean ensembles of all GCMs in the 2075-2100 and under RCP_8.5, net IWR was projected to increase by 12% comparing to the baseline scenario (1985-2014) for both crops. In the case of 2045-2074 and under RCP_4.5 projections, net IWR of both crops was projected to increase by 6%. This result explicitly shows that availability of irrigation water in the region and other similar areas of the country will be the main constraints to expanding irrigated agriculture in the future. The authors of this study would like to recommend farmers, water managers, water use associations and decision makers in the region should work towards improving water use efficiency in the future.

[Babak Mohammadi. Impact of Climate Change on net Irrigation Water Requirement of major crops in the semi-arid regions of Northern Ethiopia. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):62-69]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.11.

Keywords Climate change • CropWat • General Circulation models• Irrigation Water Requirement • Representative Concentration Paths

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A Study On Rural Livelihood And Beach-Seine Catches In Atlantic Shoreline, Nigeria

¹Ambrose Eyo, Edet Imoh, and ²Clement Uwem

¹Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environmental Management

²Department of Agricultural Economic and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo.

Correspondence: eyoambrose@yahoo.com

Abstract: Several scientists working on this sensitive environmental issue relate it impacts on fishing industry and hence prompted this research. Beside the outstanding mortality of juvenile species, were problems like increasing fishing efforts, unsustainable and irresponsible fishery. Thereby justify the aim to the study of rural livelihood of fisher-folks and their operations in beach-seinecatches along the shores of Atlantic. The gear were made of three stretched mesh size panels of polyamide, namely; A (multifilament = 35mm), B (multifilament = 45mm) and C (monofilament = 65mm) with thickness of 4mm, 2mm and 1mm respectively. Sinking force (Fs = 154,567.1kg/f) and buoyancy force (F =7071.4g/f) were computed, hanging co-efficient (E) for the panels A, B, and C were 0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 respectively. Names of bycatches and families were observed, identified, recorded and compared in compositions. Relative paired T-test were adopted to test the hypothesis that there was no significant different between the total number of mature target and juvenile bycatch species. The entire bycatch and target landings revealed (P < 0.05, n = 20, df = 19) statistically significant results. The temperature ranges between 27⁰ – 31⁰c in both seasons. The overall bycatch composition results, lead to rejecting the H₀ and accepting H₁ meaning the hypothesis were statistically significant. The socioeconomic studies reveals 50% respondent of sampled from the primary study area. These sub-samples were obtained through the process of random sampling of fisher folks to checkmate bias in the results. Beach seine operations impact on marine environment and its effect were ranked, and reveal the adverse effects remarked accordingly. The economic indices of the beach seining operation were investigated in terms of recurrent expenditure (N1, 325.93+483.2) and capital expenses (N318, 960.00+ 64082.86).

[ Ambrose Eyo, Edet Imoh, and Clement Uwem. A Study On Rural Livelihood And Beach-Seine Catches In Atlantic Shoreline, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):70-81]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.12.

Keywords: Design characteristics, Bycatchmortality, Rural livelihood of fisher-folks, Beach-seine operations, Entrepreneurial index, Environmental impact and Atlantic shoreline.

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Impact of Environmental Degradation on Arable Crop Yield and Area in Abia State of Nigeria

Onwuchekwa raphael Iheke1, Cliff Chilasa Agbaeze2

Department of Agricultural Economics
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike
P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
raphakwas@yahoo.com, iheke.onwuchekwa@mouau.edu.ng

Abstract: Land degradation, a loss of actual or potential productivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity. In the context of productivity, land degradation results from a mismatch between land quality and land use (Beinroth et al., 1994). Mechanisms that initiate land degradation include physical, chemical, and biological processes (Lal, 1994). Important among physical processes are a decline in soil structure leading to crusting, compaction, erosion, desertification, anaerobism, environmental pollution, and unsustainable use of natural resources. Significant chemical processes include acidification, leaching, salinization, decrease in cation retention capacity, and fertility depletion. Biological processes include reduction in total and biomass carbon, and decline in land biodiversity. Thus, it has become necessary to investigate the impact of land degradation on arable crop yield and area in Abia state of Nigeria. This is the thrust of this paper. This is given to the fact the State is bedevilled with serious environmental problems especially land degradation caused by erosion. A simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents used for the study. Data collected using structured questionnaire and interview schedules were analyzed used such statistical tools as frequency distributions, percentages, means and t-test statistic. Results of data analysis revealed a decline in yield byf 3987.6kg and area cultivated by each farmer by 0.43ha (a loss of 25.8ha by the entire sampled farmers). It was recommended that for the country to achieve national self-sufficiency in production and meet the goal of reducing poverty and hunger there should be increased efforts towards educating the farmers to avoid practices that would lead to land degradation and especially on the need to adopt sustainable farming practices such as crop rotation which reduces the incidence of land degradation and improve yield per unit of cultivated area.
[Onwuchekwa raphael Iheke, Cliff Chilasa Agbaeze. Impact of Environmental Degradation on Arable Crop Yield and Area in Abia State of Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):82-87]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.13.

Keywords: Environmental degradation, arable crop, yield, area

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Analysis of Factors Influencing Heilongjiang Province Financial Revenue

Yang Ying, *Li Changsheng

School of Humanities, Social Sciences & Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,150000, China

*Correspondence author: lichangsheng100@163.com

Abstract: At present, China's economic development has stepped into the new normal, the speed of economic growth from the rapid growth of about 10%, go down to about 7%, the economic structure optimization and upgrading from factor driven, investment driven to innovation driven. Under this background, Heilongjiang Province has entered the stage of the economic growth rate goes down, backward production capacities and the urgent need to upgrade and optimize the industrial structure, the transformation of the development is pushed for time, the pressure is obvious. On the basis of the economic background, factors affecting the financial income of Heilongjiang Province are analyzed.

[Yang Ying, Li Changsheng. Analysis of Factors Influencing Heilongjiang Province Financial Revenue. World Rural Observ 2017;9(4):88-92]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14. doi:10.7537/marswro090417.14.

Keywords: Financial revenue; Sustainability; Transformation of economic development

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