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A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Radio and Television Programs in Dissemination

 of Recommended Agricultural Technologies in Kassala State, Sudan

Mohamed Zakaria Yahia * and Abdel Raouf Suleiman Bello**

* Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

** Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Society, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

E-mail: raoufbello@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of radio and television in the dissemination of recommended agricultural technologies in Kassala locality of Kassala State, Sudan. The simple random sample was adopted to select 160 farmers from the population in the study area. The primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis used to display the socio-economic characteristics of respondents and T-test analysis used to test the strength of relationships between some variables. The findings of T-test analysis revealed no difference between the radio and television programs in terms of their effectiveness in changing the farmers’ knowledge. The findings also indicated a significant difference between the effectiveness of the radio and television channels to influence farmers’ attitudes and behavior toward the seven types of agricultural techno logies (land preparation, sowing method, fertilizer use, control of pests and diseases, harvest, post-harvest, and problems solving), indicating that the TV is more effective than the radio in influencing farmers’ attitudes to adopt the recommended agricultural technologies. The study recommended some interventions to effect radio and TV agricultural programs to disseminate the recommended agricultural technologies among the farmers.

[Yahia MZ, Bello AS. A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Radio and Television Programs in Dissemination of Recommended Agricultural Technologies in Kassala State, Sudan. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):1-8]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.01.

Keywords: Effectiveness, radio and television programs, dissemination, agricultural technologies

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Study on the Transformation and Development of Local Colleges and Universities with Regional Characteristics

Sun Hongwen1*, Tang Xuanyue2, Ma Lijuan3, Dai Chuang4

1Harbin University, Harbin, China
2Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
3Harbin University, Harbin, China
4Harbin Yuanshen Broadcast Television Network Limited Company, Harbin, China
*Correspondence auther: 965638075@qq.com

Abstract: With the transformation of economic structure, there are some problems in the development of local undergraduate universities with regional characteristics. From a new perspective, this study constructs the paradigm of the transformation of local undergraduate colleges and the path of transformation, and puts forward the operation mode based on the market demand as the guide, the quality of talent training as the leading and the principle of cooperation and win-win cooperation. To solve the problem of disconnection between the quality of local undergraduate training and the development of regional economic development, it provides a basis for the transformation and development of local universities with regional characteristics, and provides decision-making suggestions for local governments and management departments.
[Sun Hongwen, Tang Xuanyue, Ma Lijuan, Dai Chuang. Study on the Transformation and Development of Local Colleges and Universities with Regional Characteristics. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):9-12]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.02.

Key words: Transformation; Colleges and universities with regional characteristics; Talent training; Cooperation and win-win

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Coliform Profile and Physicochemical Analyses of Well Water Samples in Oluyole Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria

O.A. Akintobi, A.O. Adejuwon and Z.D. Muhammad

Department of Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

adejuwon.ao@lcu.edu.ng, ao_adejuwon@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Outbreak of disease as well as epidemics could occur in a population where water consumed is contaminated with faecal organisms. This study was carried out to assess the coliform profile and determine physicochemical properties of well water samples of six different sites in Oluyole Local Government area in Ibadan, Nigeria. Samples were plated on nutrient agar, MacConkey and eosine methylene blue agar. Gram staining of the isolates was done. IMVIC test on isolates obtained were also carried out. Physicochemical analyses of samples were also carried out. The results showed that most of the physical and chemical values were within limits of the acceptable guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO) for potable water. The well water samples were colorless, odorless and tasteless. While pH ranged between 6.0 and 7.3, hardness ranged from 0.0 – 2.0 and temperature ranged from 31^oC to 32 ^oC. Nickel and Lead were not detected in all the water samples but Copper was detected in samples B and F and not in samples A, C, D and E. Coliform bacteria were not found in any of the well water samples and the microbial isolates were Gram positive. This implies the potability of all the well water sampled.

[Akintobi OA, Adejuwon AO, Muhammad ZD. Coliform Profile and Physicochemical Analyses of Well Water Samples in Oluyole Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):13-17]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.03.

Key words: Potable water; coliforms; physicochemical; well water

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Status of Female Literacy in Haryana: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis (1971 to 2011)

¹Ravinder, ² Madhu and ³ Krishan Kumar

¹Student, Distance Education in Political Science of Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana)

²Department of Political Science, Singhania University, Pacheri Badi, Jhunjhunu-333515, Rajasthan (India)

³Student, Department of Commerce, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana)

²Email: madhuindora@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper present of the Tehsil-wise trend of female literacy rate in Haryana from 1971 to 2011. Which female literacy in Haryana has increased from 14.88 percent in 1971 to 65.97 percent in 2011 (Census of India). Despite also here is not suitable female literacy rate for human development in Haryana. It nearly is noted that 9.24 percent rural and 41.48 percent urban in 1971 and 60.05 percent rural and 76.91 percent urban in 2011 female are literate meaning thereby a large gap in literacy. Urban women literacy rates higher compared to rural areas in overall tehsils.

[Ravinder, Madhu and Krishan Kumar. Status of Female Literacy in Haryana: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis (1971 to 2011). World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):18-26]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.04.

Keywords: rural female literacy rate, urban female literacy rate

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Examining the Knowledge and Associated Risk Factors of Emergency Contraception among Female Students in Gondar Poly Technique College, North West Ethiopia

Ayechew Addisu¹ and Belete Debebe Tekle²

¹Student, Master of Science in Population and Reproductive Health, Department of Population Studies, College of Social Science and Humanities, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Email: 706091@gmail.com

²Lecturer, Department of Population Studies, College of Social Science and Humanities, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Email: belebete@yahoo.com

Abstract: Each year at a global level there are about 250 million pregnancies. Among them one-third of it are unintended and 20% of it induced abortion, from this 11% undergo unsafe abortions and this in turn a cause for 78,000 life deaths annually. In Ethiopia, addressing youth’s pregnancy is an important public health issue because nearly 60% of the pregnancy is unwanted and most of these pregnancies end up with unsafe abortion. In cognizant with this, the benefit of emergency contraceptive to prevent pregnancy is not well articulated. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine the knowledge and associated risk factors of emergency contraceptive among female students in Gondar Poly Technique College. In this study cross-sectional study design was used. Both primary and secondary data were applied. Self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain primary data from 353 female students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequency of events whereas and inferential statistics: bivariate and multivariate analysis was utilized to see the association and identify the determinant of the knowledge of emergency contraceptive among female students. The descriptive statistics revealed 86.4% of the respondents had heard about emergency contraceptive, 89.2% ever had sex, 18.7% had history of pregnancy and most of the pregnancy was unintended and 86% had a history of induced abortion. Similarly, the result of multivariate analysis revealed age, level of study, residence, information about contraception, discussion of reproductive health issues with family and friend were significant predictors of the knowledge of emergency contraceptive. Hence, this study pointed out that awareness of emergency contraception is good, but their level of utilization and time frame for the first dose of after unprotected sex is poor. Thus, it needs further improvement, awakening of technique through information, education and communication materials. Moreover, the level of unintended pregnancy and induced abortion is skyrocketed; hence it needs a further mitigation and synergy of a pro-active sense of urgencies.

[Ayechew Addisu and Belete Debebe Tekle. Examining the Knowledge and Associated Risk Factors of Emergency Contraception among Female Students in Gondar Poly Technique College, North West Ethiopia. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):27-38]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.05.

Keywords: Emergency Contraceptive; Unintended Pregnancy; Abortion; Unsafe Abortion; Youth; Reproductive Health

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Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) for Researchers

Morteza Azizi and Fereshteh Khodamoradi

Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

E-mail: fereshteh12150@yahoo.com

Abstract: Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming systems research, alternatives to questionnaire surveys, monitoring, evaluation and lateral spread by local people, empowerment of the poorer and weaker, and policy review. Changes in personal behavior and attitudes, and in organizational cultures, are implied. PRA parallels and resonates with paradigm shifts in the social and natural sciences, business management, and development thinking, supporting decentralization, local diversity, and personal responsibility. Much of the spread of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) as an emerging family of approaches and methods has been lateral, South-South, through experiential learning and changes in behavior, with different local applications. Rapid spread has made quality assurance a concern, with dangers from “instant fashion”, rushing, formalism and ruts. Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming systems research, alternatives to questionnaire surveys, monitoring, evaluation and lateral spread by local people, empowerment of the poorer and weaker, and policy review.

[Morteza Azizi and Fereshteh Khodamoradi. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) for Researchers. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):39-52]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.06.

Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

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The Tower of Garden: Vertical Neighborhood as Sustainable Housing Model for Metropolitan

Bahareh Yazdanpour

Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

yazdanpourbahareh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Undoubtedly green structures are one of the most interesting concepts of new technologies that are being developed after introducing the renewable resources without environmental pollution and the introduction of environment friendly energy technologies. In comparison to the past, changes in urban lifestyle have been provided appropriate background for designing and construction of structures. Nowadays, Green Towers are being developed as a solution to problems related to the energy crisis, environmental degradation and population, and population growth. In these towers, the building adapts itself with the local climate and nature and supplies its required energy with applying innovative technologies in renewable energy, such as wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, geothermal energy, hydrogen, biomass, and many other methods, and even sometimes, injects the excess energy to the urban network. Due to increasing population, expensive land in the city centers, marginalization and environmental pollution, it seems that, the vertical expansion methodology and bioclimatic towers are the solutions for the future of our metropolises. In the present study, after initial studies and investigating several case studies, we will introduce tower garden project which seeks to provide a local tower garden model in order to establish a multilateral but vertical neighborhood to meet the needs of a neighborhood in a vertical fashion.

[Bahareh Yazdanpour. The Tower of Garden: Vertical Neighborhood as Sustainable Housing Model for Metropolitan. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):53-56]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.07.

Keywords: sustainability, neighborhood, bioclimatic tower, vertical landscaping

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Designing the Revenue Insurance Pattern for Selected Agricultural Crops in Iran (Khuzestan Province)

Zari Sarabi¹, Reza Moghaddasi², Ali Kianirad³

^1.M.Sc Student, Agricultural Economics Department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Khuzestan, Iran

^2.Associate Professor, Agricultural Economics Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^3.Assistant Professor, Agricultural Planning and Economic Research Institute (APERI), Tehran, Iran

Corresponding Author E-mail: sarabi.zari@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study by designing the pattern of revenue insurance for two crops (wheat and barley) in Khuzestan province, the fair premium was calculated, because the main stage in determination of the premium, is forecast of studying variables, by using price and yield data for irrigated wheat and barley in Khuzestan province for years (1981-2009) and the ARIMA method the price, yield and income for each hectare of these crops has been estimated for 2010. Then by using the bootstrapping simulation method and individual farmers yield information (that was available for time period (2000-2009) revenue premium for each hectare of crops was calculated. The results of this study showed that the barely due to having higher price fluctuation than wheat, has higher premiums in the coverage levels of 50,75 and 90 percent. Also yield premium for these crops in Khuzestan province is less than the revenue premium in the same year.

[Sarabi, Z. Moghaddasi, R. Kianirad, A. Designing the Revenue Insurance Pattern for Selected Agricultural Crops in Iran (Khuzestan Province). World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):57-61]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.08.

Key words: Insurance, Revenue Insurance, Premium, ARIMA Forecast Method, Bootstrapping Simulation Method

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An Investigation of agricultural products in the province of Fars

Leila Mohammad Sadeghi

Department of Economics, Firooz Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firooz Abad, Iran

Abstract: Agricultural section has advantage of the private sector, a special place among the economic sectors in Iran. The Fars province of poles agriculture in Iran have main quota in agricultural products. Given of importance of agricultural products in the province of Fars and in order to identify the comparative advantage of these products have been used two methods (cost ratio internal sources) and (cost ratio to social interest) for the agricultural years 1999-2000. Accounting of standards mentioned show that four products from 18 agricultural products under study include rainfed wheat, rainfed barley, sugar beet and sunshade haven't possess any comparative advantage in percentage rate equation for exchange, while tomatoes are superior to comparative advantage and cucumber, potatoes and blue lentils in the following positions. A comparison of comparative advantage with the balance of the minimum level of cultivation in relation to actual products shows there is confidence relative to the selling price. Agriculture model applies have a lot with comparative advantage and priorities for products such as tomatoes, onions and potatoes have a high risk of price, the average model of agriculture and arrange comparative advantage notes that there is a significant difference. At the end of the research was to make proposals for greater applicability to agriculture with the order form the comparative advantage of products.

[Mohammad Sadeghi, L. An Investigation of agricultural products in the province of Fars. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):62-68]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.09.

Keywords: agricultural products, province of Fars

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Investigating Technological Aspects Used in Active Juice Packing

Forogh Mohtarami¹, Mohammad Reza Shojaee Rad², Raheleh Mohtarami

^1: Ph.D. Student of Food Industrial and Sciences, Urmia University, Iran

^2: Manager of Urmia Shahdab Manufactory

mohtaramiforogh@yahoo.ca

Abstract: One of the new concepts in juice packaging industry is active packaging that has been developed in response to ongoing changes in consumer and market demand. The main techniques used in active packaging technology are techniques which absorb oxygen, ethylene, moisture, carbon dioxide, and taste as well as releasing carbon dioxide, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidants, and smell and taste. In this paper, we tried to investigate the technical aspects used in active packaging, such as oxygen absorbers, carbon dioxide absorbers and releasers, ethylene absorbents, moisture absorbents, and smell and taste absorbers and releasers.  

[Forogh Mohtarami, Mohammad Reza Shojaee Rad, Raheleh Mohtarami. Investigating Technological Aspects Used in Active Juice Packing. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):69-73]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.10.

Keywords: active packaging, oxygen absorber, carbon dioxide absorber and releaser, padding

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Characterization of Ground Water Quality for Irrigation in Tehsil and District Layyah, Punjab Pakistan

Muhammad Ashraf *¹, Muhammad Bilal Khan², Farah Umar¹

¹ Soil and Water Testing Laboratory Layyah, Punjab Pakistan

² Soil Fertility, Muzaffar Garh, Punjab Pakistan

bilalkhan_arid@yahoo.com

Abstract: Water quality assessment through analysis is pre requisite for its better utilization by crops as it is essential for the maintenance of turgidity, absorption of nutrients and metabolic process of plants. Direct use of unfit irrigation water not only causes severe salinity/sodality problems in soil but also depress plant growth to alarming level depending upon the extent of dissolved salts. A total of 296 advisory water samples were received/collected from tehsil Layyah during previous three years (2009-10 to 2011-12), analyzed and categorized according to the suitability criteria of water quality evaluation. Out of 296 water samples, 114(38%) water samples were fit, 79(27%) were marginally fit and 103(35%) were found unfit for irrigation purposes. The analysis data showed that, 95 unfit water samples had electrical conductivity higher than permissible limit (i.e. >1250 µS cm^-1), 12 samples were found with high SAR (i.e. >10 (m mol L^-1)^0.5), and 47 samples had high RSC (i.e. >2.5 me L^-1). It can be inferred from data that quality of available ground water in most of the cases is suitable for sustainable crop production and soil health. Guidelines to use these water for irrigation purposes should be based on the soil texture for its best utilization and avoid any harmful effects on soil health. The farmers can use marginal and unfit water for salt tolerant crops (wheat, sorghum and barley) and fruit (Guava) trees etc. It is also recommended that on degraded soils, the poor quality irrigation water may be used to grow Eucalyptus and Acacia for timber and fuel, and Atriplex spp. for grazing purposes. Adoption of bio-saline agriculture, addition of farmyard manure/green manure, sheep, goat and fish farming might add to the farmer’s income under these condition.

[Ashraf M, Khan M.B, Umar F. Characterization of Ground Water Quality for Irrigation in Tehsil and District Layyah, Punjab Pakistan. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):74-78]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.11.

Keywords: Groundwater quality, Water analysis, EC, SAR, RSC, Layyah district

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Analysis of Agricultural Drought in Zarafshan (With Emphasis on Mastcha)

Mohammad Hossein Hosseini Roozbahani

Abstract: Drought is an unexpected decrease of rainfall in a particular time in an area which is not necessary dry so that the moisture lowers so much that the normal trend of growth in that area will be impaired ₍₁₎. Drought is not the permanent feature of an area and it might happen in every climate and is unpredictable and it affects agricultural products and power and surface and underground water and causes famine.

[Mohammad Hossein Hosseini Roozbahani. Analysis of Agricultural Drought in Zarafshan (with Emphasis on Mastcha). World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):79-82]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.12.

Keywords: drought, precipitation, temperature, famine, dryness coefficient

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Kharameh - Darian Plains Underground Water Quality

Mojtaba Joukar, MR Espahbod, M. Gohari Moghadam, Mahdi Rahmanian

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran

Abstract: Kharameh plains in the northeastern city of Shiraz, Fars Province geography lengths to '45 ° 52 '00 ° 53 east and latitude to '30 ° 29 '45 ° 29 North is located. The regional aquifer is composed of two stratigraphic unit: the unit consists of karst formations and units Sarvak Tarbur and alluvial or alluvial plains Kharameh - Darian. In order to assess the quality of groundwater in the area, according to standard methods EPA 2001, Water resources of the area where the biopsy was taken. Tytrsnjy analysis of major elements in the water and light the flame polls show that the dominant facies in the study area faces, calcium sulfate and is Klrvrh. In plain type, Darian 50% carbonate, sulfate, 25%, and 25% is Klrvrh. Kharameh plain sediments in the lower part of the South Shore of Lake Bakhtegan and in other sections of sulfate water type, water type is Klrvrh. Despite their proximity to Lake Bakhtegan Klrvrh types and effects of saline sediments of the lake.
[Mojtaba Joukar, MR Espahbod, M. Gohari Moghadam, Mahdi Rahmanian. Kharameh - Darian Plains Underground Water Quality. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):83-87]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.13.

Key words: Groundwater, Water Stratigraphic Units, Formations, Facies Type Water

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An investigation about women employment in jurisprudence and Law Islamic Republic of Iran

Forouzan Alaeinovin (PH.D) 1, Amir Ahmadi (M.A)2, Hamed Kheradranjbar (M.A)3

1. Department of Religious Jurisprudence and Islamic law, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
E-mail: Forozan.novin@yahoo.com
2. Department of Religious Jurisprudence and Islamic law, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Email: Amir.ahmadiy91@gmail.com, +989372980096
3. Department of Religious Jurisprudence and Islamic law, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
E-mail: kheradhamed@gmail.com

Abstract: Human is a social animal and he/she is inevitable for having relationship with others. nowadays variety of these relationship in different aspects is so big and huge so that can affect human personality and identity formation. so a big number of human talents and capabilities are appeared in the society. Women also in this arena can attend quantitatively and qualitively and one of the fields for attaining this goal is employment in Islamic societies employment is considered as one of women social rights, they can not only get profit from having a job, but also they can have a share in their society progress. there are some rules and laws about women employment that try to reserve women dignity and virginity when they are employee that we comment about in this article.
[Forouzan Alaeinovin; Amir Ahmadi An investigation about women employment in jurisprudence and Law Islamic Republic of Iran. World Rural Observ 2018;10(3):88-95]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14. doi:10.7537/marswro100318.14.

Keywords: Employment; Women; Rights; Jurisprudence; Iran; Motivation.

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