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An assessment of the performance and Financial Analysis of milk collection centers in Egypt. "Case study of Beni Suef Governorate"

Dr. Ekram Ahmed El Sayed Abd El Rahman, Dr. Nashwa Mohamed Smir Shoiab, Dr. Mohamed A. Abd El Motalib

Agricultural Economic Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt

Ekram_9375@yahoo.com

Abstract: Milk production is a source of supplementary income for thousands of small and marginal farmers and landless laborers in Egypt, through the sale of surplus, as well as an important source of animal protein for milk consumers. On the other hand, dairy industry is vital industries in Egypt that aims toward cover the gap between raw milk production and consumer's demand of the final dairy products, Total employment in Dairy products about 26,461 employee, (CAPMAS, 2013) represent 4% of total food processing employment, Number of establishments about 1,883 represent 2% of total number of enterprises in food processing, dairy products represented 27.1% and 9.7%of the total animal production value and total agricultural production value, In 2015, respectively, (CAMPAS, 2017), in addition to Egypt enjoys a comparative advantage in exports of dairy products, (Hanan M. Mahrous, et al, 2019), due to investment advantages in dairy industry, the shortness of production cycle and the high nutritional value of milk products, This study was conducted in Beni Suef Governorate aiming to carry out an assessment of the performance of Egyptian milk collection centers under the supervision of agricultural cooperatives, to enable policy maker and decision makers to understand and development dairy sector. The study depended on primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through the questionnaire which designed for this purpose and distributed to 240 respondents within Beni Suef Governorate, the study used the descriptive analytic and quantitative methods to identify the statistical indicators and measurements that serve the research objectives. The result showed that: The MCC’s role is to chill milk, which ensure the milk quality and safety until supplying the milk to retailers or processors, also MCCs are promoting women, It provided woman employment, trainings and market raw milk. Recently collectors are progressively delivering milk to processers, through MCCs, this formal market is growing thanks to the Egyptian Government Authorities who decided to support Milk Collection Centers to facilitate milk marketing and provide raw milk to Dairy industries. The study indicates that agricultural cooperatives could be one of the solutions towards developing of dairy industry, and there are direct relationships between total milk collected by MCC, milk price, Dairy plan, and investment profitability, The Financial Analysis showed that MCC investments had positive NPV, and IRR is 40%. The (MCC) is financially viable The costs can be repayable in four years and four months. There are obstacles facing the dairy industry as well as the study recommended future plans to alleviate the problems and giving adequate level of extension services and Improve on the rural infrastructure" with proper cooling facilities and transportation networks at farmers level ", Create more milk collection centers and development & support of milk collection centers and provide training to dairy farmers at Milk collection centers (MMCs) about practices which will improve the quality and quantity of milk procured; led to a rise in milk prices and improvements to milk hygienic quality, At policy level, government should also encourage investment in training on milk hygiene and quality by deploying extension staff into villages, support partnership with civil society institutions and local and international donors, to Benefit from it’s experience in this MCCs in establishing other MCCs in other Egyptian governorates, especially for the rural areas.

[Ekram Ahmed El Sayed Abd El Rahman, and Nashwa Mohamed Smir Shoiab. An assessment of the performance and Financial Analysis of milk collection centers in Egypt. Case study of Beni Suef Governorate. World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):1-22]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.01.

Keywords: Dairy industry, agricultural cooperatives, Egypt, Milk collection centers (MMCs), Financial Analysis.

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Research on Food Security Early Warning System Based on Fuzzy Control

Li Ping, Lan Xin

Department of Economics College of Humanities and social science, Harbin Institute of Technology,150001, Harbin, China.

E-mail: hitlipingls@aliyun.com

Abstract: According to the particularity of China's food security, this study constructs a food security warning indicator based on fuzzy control. The new method uses a combination of fuzzy theory and analytic hierarchy process. Firstly, determine the indicators that affect food security and their weights, and then analyze the data of each indicator to delimit the warning threshold. Secondly, generate weights based on the indicator data and the corresponding warning threshold Basic probability assignment function. Finally, the early warning degree is obtained. At the same time, the validity of this method was verified by using the statistical yearbook data of 2009-2018. The research results show that the current level of food security in China is safe and stable, and the fuzzy control method proposed in this article can objectively reflect the food security alertness.

[Li Ping, Lan Xin. Research on Food Security Early Warning System Based on Fuzzy Control. World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):23-30]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.02.

Keywords: fuzzy control, food security, early warning system

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Marketing efficiency and policies analysis of potato crop in Egypt

Dr. Hadil Taher Hassanain¹ and Dr. Dina Abdalla Shafiq²

¹Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

²Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

hadil.taher@gmail.com, dinateama99@gmail.com

Abstract: Potato crop is considered as an important vegetable crop in Egypt. It's an important source of domestic agricultural income and the foreign exchange needed to push the wheel of economic development, as Egyptian potato exports are at the top of Egyptian agricultural exports. The importance of potato crop in Egypt is due to the large cultivated area and farmers' interest in it as an export crop to cover the needs of local market. Due to the increase in mediators share during marketing operations, as well as high marketing costs and farmers receive low farm prices that with high retail prices paid by consumers, consequently low marketing efficiency. Also Potato crop, like other crops, is affected by the extent of success and safety of agricultural policies pursued by the state, as well as direct and indirect intervention in the price policies of potato crop, whether in relation to inputs or outputs, which creates a differences in local and international prices, in addition to not optimizing the use of agricultural inputs. The research aimed to identify the productive position and marketing system of potato crop, estimate the marketing margins and marketing efficiency, in addition to estimating the financial and economic evaluation of all items of production costs of potato crop to analyze the current situation and map future policies and programs for producing and marketing of potato crop. The study relied on descriptive and quantitative analysis methods represented in the simultaneous equations consisting of linear regression equations in Egyptian potato market. In addition to estimating items of production costs and revenues of the potato crop financially and economically, also calculating the nominal and effective protection coefficients and domestic resources coefficient of the potato crop through the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) during the period (2004-2018). Most important conclusions can be summarized as the increase of Retail price per ton of potato crop by 10%, lead to increases marketing efficiency of potato crop by 5%. Also the increase of average of productivity per feddan of potato crop by 1%, lead to increases cost production per feddan of potato crop by 9.59%. In addition Egypt has a comparative advantage in producing potato crop, as the benefits from importing this crop are greater than its production cost, or it is desirable to expand its domestic production.

[Hadil Taher Hassanain and Dina Abdalla Shafiq. Marketing efficiency and policies analysis of potato crop in Egypt. World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):31-41]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.03.

Key words: Comparative advantage, Policy Analysis Matrix, Marketing efficiency, potato crop

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Analytical study for the adoption of potato growers of recommendations for rationalizing the use of irrigation water Al Bustan region, Buhaira Governorate

Ismail Abdul Malik Muhammad Ismail

Department of Agricultural Economic and Cooperative Sciences, Higher Institute for Agricultural Cooperation, Egypt

Email: esmaiel.abdelmalek@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research aimed to identify the level of adoption of potato growers of recommendations for rationalizing the use of irrigation water in the Al Bustan area in the Buhaira governorate, determine their level of knowledge about it, to identify their attitudes towards rationalizing the use of irrigation water, and to identify the correlation between the degree of adoption by potato growers of these recommendations and some independent studied variables. The approach of this study is based on the analysis, exploration and evaluation of the extent to which potato growers in this area have adopted recommendations for rationalizing the use of irrigation water, 168 farmers representing comprehensive potato growers in this area have been selected in summer season, in the village of Imam Muhammad Refaat, which is considered one of promising villages for export in the Al Bustan area in Egypt. Data were collected by personal interview using questionnaire prepared for this purpose, the results are shown in the form table of frequency distribution and percentages, data were analyzed by using simple correlation coefficient of Pearson, Chi-square using the statistical packages program for social sciences statistics. SPSS. The most important results were the following; It was found that nearly half of the respondents represent a percentage of (48.8%) had an average level of adoption of recommendations for rationalizing the use of irrigation water, about half of the respondents represent a percentage of (52.4%), their attitudes are neutral towards rationalizing the use of irrigation water in spite of half of the respondents represent a percentage of (51.8%) had a high level of knowledge of these recommendations. Which is due to the fact that these farmers have great experience in potato cultivation and that they have large potato cultivation areas, however, they face some obstacles that hinder the adoption of some of these recommendations, such as the lack of mechanization in the region, the results showed the great role that the private sector plays in the form of commercial shops for the sale of agricultural supplies in transferring agricultural knowledge. It was also found that there is a positive significant relationship between the degree to which farmers adopt recommendations for rationalizing the use of irrigation water, and some of the independent variables which are: age, number of years of experience in planting potato crops, and the land holding area planted with potato crop, and the research presented a set of recommendations that are taken into consideration for workers in the search area, Such as; increasing extension services in the area, providing agricultural mechanization centers, providing laser soil leveling service, and supporting the state's efforts in lining irrigation channels.

[Ismail Abdul Malik Muhammad Ismail. Analytical study for the adoption of potato growers of recommendations for rationalizing the use of irrigation water Al Bustan region, Buhaira Governorate. World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):42-49]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.04.

Key words: Adoption – knowledge-Attitude- potato' growers –Rationalizing irrigation water

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A Study of the Economic Factors Affecting the Food Security Factor of Edible Oils in Egypt

Dr. Mona Shehata El-Sayed Abdel-Gawad

Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Egypt

Nawarahmed767@gmail.com

Abstract: The study aimed to identify the economic dimension of the food security policy for edible oils in Egypt during the period (2000-2019) by studying the current situation for the production and consumption of edible oils in Egypt, assessing the strategic stock and food security factor for edible oils, and studying the economic factors affecting the food security factor for edible oils during this period. To achieve the objectives of the study, econometric analysis was used by performing multiple regression analysis in the linear image using the (finite dependent variable model) Tobit Model, and performing unit root tests, co integration, causality test, in addition to descriptive analysis. By studying the current situation of food security, it was found that the quantity of strategic reserves of food oils amounted to about 428.25 thousand tons. Domestic consumption is sufficient for a period of 87.36 days, or about (2.91 months). The value of the food security factor during the study period was about 0.36. According to the unconventional analysis method known as the Tobit model to measure the impact of the most important economic factors that are supposed to have an indirect effect on the food security factor of edible oils, the most important of which are the population, exchange rate, agricultural investment, national income, import price with the exclusion of the variables related. The direct impact on the food security factor for edible oils, which is the amount of production, the amount of imports, the quantity of exports, and the amount of consumption of edible oils, because they are variables that are directly included in the calculations of the food security factor. The significance of the effect of these factors was proven, except for the exchange rate variable. The significance of the regression coefficients was not proven, in addition to matching the signs of the regression coefficients of the independent variables to the assumptions of economic theory, and reflecting the value of total elasticity, which amounted to about 0.0854, and this means that the increase of the variables under study referred to by 10%, but rather It increases the food security factor by 0.854%. The study recommends the necessity to increase the food security factor for edible oils from 0.36 to 0.50 according to food security considerations, and in order to form an appropriate strategic stock sufficient for domestic consumption for at least six months.

[Mona Shehata El-Sayed Abdel-Gawad. A Study of the Economic Factors Affecting the Food Security Factor of Edible Oils in Egypt. World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):50-63]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.05.

Key words: Food Security Coefficient, Strategic Inventory, Tobit Model Test, Self-Sufficiency, Food Gap

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An Economic Study of Various Irrigation Systems Implementation Impact on Some Field Crops Production in Fayoum Governorate

Dr. Noha Ezzat Tawfiq,  Dr. Yasmin Ahmed Abuseif, and Dr. Gamal Ali Abo Elela

Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

Nohaezzat39@yahoo.com

Abstract: The agricultural sector is considered one of the most important economic sectors that use water resources, as it consumes about 59.3 billion m3, representing about 85.1% of the total actual annual water consumption. The results showed that the transformation from traditional surface irrigation to modern irrigation techniques resulted in saving a large amount of space, as the available area per feddan reached 19% for tomato crop, 17% for maize crop, 15% for alfalfa crop, 20% for onion crop, 18% for wheat crop. According to the results of the study, it results in an increase in the agricultural area and a significant increase in the total revenue and the net return of the water unit, leading to an increase in the national agricultural income. The study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: Establishing policies and mechanisms by the state in order to fully transform the cultivated area for improved irrigation in order to benefit from the reduction The amount of irrigation water used and increasing the productivity of various crops, and obliging farmers to switch to modern irrigation by enacting a law and imposing penalties and fines for violators.

[Noha Ezzat Tawfiq,  Yasmin Ahmed Abuseif, and Gamal Ali Abo Elela. An Economic Study of Various Irrigation Systems Implementation Impact on Some Field Crops Production in Fayoum Governorate World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):64-76]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural 6. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.06.

Key Words: Irrigation Systems - Indicators of Economic Efficiency - Analysis Of Variance - Revenues And Costs - Net Return.

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Mercury Contamination of Fish Consumed in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria

Peter U. Achukwu¹, Daniel N. Ezeasor², Chigozie N. Okwuosa¹, Nkiruka C. Azubike¹, ^*Silas A. Ufelle¹, Okechukwu S. Onwukwe¹, Ngozika O. Achukwu¹, Ndubeze Ezemba³, Amaechi U. Katchy³, Chinwe Chukwuka⁴

^1. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University Of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

^2. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State Nigeria.

^3. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University Of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.

^4. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nigeria

Tel: +234-8038728223,  Email: peter.achukwu@unn.edu.ng

Abstract: Mercury has been characterized as the most toxic water contaminants in the world. Methylmercury accumulates in fish and other sea food which are eventually consumed by man hence exposing them to the risk of mercury poisoning. The present study was aimed at determining the level of mercury contamination of fish consumed in Enugu, south east Nigeria. Different species of local dry fish were harvested from major water bodies in Enugu. The mercury content of the local dry fish species was determined using spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Imported fish delicacies served as control for the analysis. Results of the analysis showed significantly high empirical values of mercury in the local fish species when compared with the control. Fish consumed in Enugu has levels of mercury which are significantly higher than the WHO recommended values.

[Peter U. Achukwu, Daniel N. Ezeasor, Chigozie N. Okwuosa, Nkiruka C. Azubike, Silas A. Ufelle, Okechukwu S. Onwukwe, Ngozika O. Achukwu, Ndubeze Ezemba, Amaechi U. Katchy, Chinwe Chukwuka. Mercury Contamination of Fish Consumed in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):77-80]. ISSN:1944-6543(Print);ISSN:19446551(Online).http://www.sciencepub.net/rural7. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.07.

Key words: Methylmercury, Enugu, Fish.

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Filtration And Backwashing Studies: Obafemi Awolowo University Waterworks As A Case Study

J.O. Jeje

Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife.

*Email of Corresponding Author: jemails2000@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: This research work centres at studying the filtration and backwashing operations of the filtration unit of the Opa Waterworks and a detailed laboratory study of the filtration and backwashing characteristics of the filter medium being used at the treatment plant. A detailed study of the filtration unit of Opa Waterworks was undertaken with particular emphasis placed on the estimation of the volume of water used during backwashing, the backwashing procedure and the average backwashing time. Specific properties of the filter medium used in the gravity filter such as porosity, density, equivalent density, specific gravity and unhindered settling velocity were investigated in the laboratory. Based on works carried out, the volume of wash-water required for the gravity filters has been estimated to be 14,200 litres (14.2 m³) which is about 3.12% of the total volume of the clear water tank, with an outflow rate of 0.01 m³/s. The accuracy of the Blake – Kozeny equation in predicting headloss across a filter bed using clean water runs was investigated and found to be reasonably accurate, and the prediction errors were calculated. The backwashing properties of the filter medium was also studied using the DSF (Dynamic Shape Factor) and Sphericity models and the predicted results obtained were compared to the actual laboratory results.World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):81-86]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural 8. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.08

Keywords: Filtration, backwashing, headloss, dynamic shape factor, gravity filter and Blake-Kozeny equation

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The Environmental Physiology of Kainji Lake

E.S Owolabi^1*, M.B. Gwari², M.U Jikantoro³, T.U Isichei⁴

^*Hydrology and Limnology programme, National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research

²Head of Programme Hydrology and Limnology programme, National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research

³ Hydrology and Limnology programme, National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research

⁴Environmental Studies Division, National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research

Correspondence should be sent to E.S Owolabi: owolabiekundayo@gmail.com

Abstract： The current changes in environmental conditions have necessitated changes in adaptive mode of mankind. These changes in temperature, precipitation, wind pressure and so on, over some physical features like mountains, hills, river, streams, lake etc., has been observed to influence the way of life of the communities around these physical features, as the people of these communities look for a way to survive or adjust to these environmental changes. This study observed the variation in temperature, wind pressure as well as precipitation over communities around Kainji lake for a period between 2016 and 2017, its influence of the some communities surrounding Kainji lake, and the adaptive mode of the people.

[E.S Owolabi, M.B. Gwari, M.U Jikantoro, T.U Isichei. The Environmental Physiology of Kainji Lake. World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):87-90]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural 9. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.09

Keywords: Physiology, Precipitation, Temperature, Wind.

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Structured model Consumer-based Brand Equity based on Promotional-mix elements (Case Study: Food Active Industries)

Mehran Rezvani¹, Shahram Ghahramani², Seiran Mehrnia³

¹Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Email: m.rezvani@ut.ac.ir

²Institute for management and planning studies, IMPS, Tehran, Iran, Email: Sh.ghahramani@imps.ac.ir

³MA of Business Administration, Email: s.mehrnia29@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper aims to examine the relationships among Promotional-mix elements and Customer-based Brand Equity. Then, a model is developed to examine the relationships Promotional-mix elements and Customer-based brand equity in Food Industries of Tehran. The sample size is 240. Data are collected by questionnaire designed. The collected data is estimated using Lisrel and SEM method. The tests results show that four dimensions of brand equity (brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand loyalty and brand Image) positively effect on Customer-based brand equity and all promotional-mix elements (except sales promotion) positively affect the Customer-based brand equity. In addition, among dimensions of brand equity, image brand has the most positive effect on brand equity and among elements of Promotional-mix; sell promotion has the most negative effect on brand equity. In the end, among the brands, Kalleh brand has the most Brand Equity and MiMas brand has the least Brand Equity.

[Mehran Rezvani, Shahram Ghahramani, Seiran Mehrnia. Structured model Consumer-based Brand Equity based on Promotional-mix elements (Case Study: Food Active Industries). World Rural Observ 2021;13(1):91-101]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural 10. doi:10.7537/marswro130121.10

Keywords: Customer-based brand equity, Promotional-mix, Food Industries and SEM.

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