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Effect of Soil and Foliar Applied Fertilizers on Soil Microbial Populations under Sweet Potato Cultivation

Odanye OM^1*, Ojebuola GD¹, Owoseni PB¹, Adabanija  AJ¹, Femi-Ojamo FA¹, Adejoro SA¹, Adeyemo AJ, Awodun MA¹, Ewulo BS¹

¹Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: odanyemary03@gmail.com; +234-9033885309

ABSTRACT: Soil microbial communities play a vital role in nutrient cycling and plant health, yet limited studies examine how fertilizer application methods affect these populations in sweet potato cultivation. A field experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Technology, Akure (7°16'N, 5°12'E) between April and August 2025 using a Randomized Complete Block Design with nine treatments: Poultry Manure (PM), NPK (20:10:10), Liquid Organic Fertilizer (Super gro – SG), Urea, PM + SG, PM + Urea, NPK + SG, NPK + Urea, and a Control, each replicated three times. Soil samples were collected 12 weeks after planting for microbial analysis, while growth and yield data were measured throughout the growing season. Standard microbial enumeration techniques using dilution plate counts quantified bacterial, fungal, actinomycetes, and nematode populations. Results showed significant variations among treatments. NPK application maximized bacterial (3.57 × 10⁻⁵ cfu) and nematode populations (358.00 individuals/100g soil), while Urea favoured fungal (3.27 × 10⁻⁵ cfu) and actinomycetes (1.30 × 10⁻⁵ cfu) populations. Single fertilizer applications, particularly NPK and Super Gro, achieved the highest yields (11.93 and 11.76 t/ha, respectively), outperforming combinations. Super Gro foliar application produced superior vine length (285.3 cm) while maintaining moderate microbial disruption. The Poultry Manure + Super Gro combination significantly enhanced organic matter (1.82%) and calcium content (5.6 cmol/kg). The study reveals that fertilizer application method substantially influences soil microbial dynamics and sweet potato productivity, with single applications proving more effective than combinations under tropical conditions.

[Odanye OM, Ojebuola GD, Owoseni PB, Adabanija  AJ, Femi-Ojamo FA, Adejoro SA, Adeyemo AJ, Awodun MA, Ewulo BS. Effect of Soil and Foliar Applied Fertilizers on Soil Microbial Populations under Sweet Potato Cultivation. World Rural Observation 2026;18(2):1-8]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 01. doi:10.7537/marswro180226.01

Keywords: Bacteria; fungi; actinomycete; folia fertilizer; Poultry manure; sweet potato

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Suspended sediment runoff and soil washout intensity in the Chirchiq-Ohangaron rivers basin

Fazliddin Khikmatov¹, Oyjamol  Kholtojiyeva², Bekzod  Khikmatov³, Komiljon Rakhmonov⁴

^1.Department of Surface hydrology and meteorology, National University of Uzbekistan, Email: hikmatov_f@mail.ru

^2.Department of Surface hydrology and meteorology, National University of Uzbekistan, Email: oyjamolxoltojiyeva@gmail.com

^3.Institute of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Email: fvvfmi@umail.uz 

^4.Department of Surface hydrology and meteorology, National University of Uzbekistan, Email:  komiljons@mail.ru

Abstract. This article addresses the study of suspended sediment flow and the assessment of soil washout intensity from the mountain river basins of the Chirchiq–Ohangaron region. Data on suspended sediment runoff from rivers were used as the primary source material. The study also evaluates the contributions of seasonal atmospheric precipitation and air temperature to the formation of suspended sediment runoff in mountain rivers. Calculation nomograms are proposed for the quantitative assessment of suspended sediment runoff, developed on the basis of normalized regression equations that describe the relationship between suspended sediment runoff and hydrometeorological factors. The quantitative indicators of hydrological variables characterizing the intensity of soil washout from river basins have been refined through testing of the calculation nomograms. Furthermore, the long-term average values of suspended sediment runoff have been determined, including sediment volume norms, flushing modulus, erosion meter and other related parameters.

[Fazliddin Khikmatov, Oyjamol  Kholtojiyeva, Bekzod  Khikmatov, Komiljon Rakhmonov. Suspended sediment runoff and soil washout intensity in the Chirchiq-Ohangaron rivers basin. World Rural Observation 2026;18(2):9-17]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 02. doi:10.7537/marswro180226.02

Keywords: river; water flow; suspended sediment; sediment load; flushing modulus; flushing layer; erosion meter

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Socio Economic Attributes of Gum arabic Production in Nigeria

Godwin Sagay and Chinye Samuel Mesike

Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 1049, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

sammesike@gmail.com

Abstract: A fast growing gum arabic economy has stimulated a significant expansion of gum arabic plantations in Nigeria. Presently, Nigeria is second to Sudan in the world production of gum arabic. However, there seems to be dearth of studies on how the socio economic variables of producers affects gum arabic production and expansion in Nigeria. However, this study used survey approach method to examine the socio-economic attributes of gum arabic production in Nigeria. Sixteen States considered to have potential for gum arabic production in Nigeria were visited. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 1184 gum arabic farmers in 15 States using a simple random method. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results show that 47.4% had no formal education and it was also revealed that 94.8% of farmers’ lands were freehold and 10.8% of the farmers had over 20 hectares of land in reserve. The study also revealed that gum arabic production in Nigeria is mainly from the wild as there are 2.45 million hectares of wild grove in forest reserve while 1625 ha and 9766 ha of organized planting were owned by government and private sector respectively. Deliberate efforts should be made to promote gum arabic in marginal land because the crop can survive in adverse climatic conditions and thrive well on marginal soils.  Also, it is recommended that the respective State Governments in gum arabic producing States should promote seedling production and distribution to farmers.

[Sagay G, Mesike CS. Socio Economic Attributes of Gum arabic Production in Nigeria. World Rural Observation 2026;18(2):18-25]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 03. doi:10.7537/marswro180226.03

Keywords: Gum arabic; production; socio-economic factors; Nigeria

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Establish the South Asian Monsoon Time Scale and break out the mysteries of the South Asian monsoon

Gangadhar

H.No.5-30-4/1,Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Googlepay/Phonepe A/cNo.+91 6305571833

Abstract: There are many mysteries and unsolved issues in the monsoonal climate and Weather systems that cannot explain and solve. I proposed and designed the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales for all world global, regional, local monsoon systems along with countries for unraveling the mysteries of climate, weather, monsoons; studying the characteristics of mechanism of climate, weather and monsoons and exercising the benefits of mankind and development of monsoonal climate and weather sciences.  According to the researches and studies on the Monsoon Time Scales, it is known that there will be major global climate changes in the coming years "i.e"  heavy rains, floods and storms etc. will occur until about 2075 and there will be droughts and famines etc. until about 2150. Through the establishment of Monsoon Time Scales, we can know the future consequences of the climate changes. Plans can be made accordingly. So, scientists can establish the Monsoon Time Scale and predict what is going to happen in the monsoonal climate in the coming years roughly. I call on the world scientists to design and establish the Monsoon Time Scales following the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales outlined below, based on the India Monsoon Time Scale which is successfully proved out in practice. South Asian monsoon is a key system in  global monsoon systems. I have conducted many scientific researches on this monsoon system  and as a part these researches, I proposed and designed the Basics of South Asian Monsoon Time Scale  which can help to study the past, present and future conditions of the South Asian monsoon. In the current year 2022, the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon was traveling upwards and reached to the 29th June. Below this, the main-path of Indian summer monsoon also traveled upwards parallel to the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon with a difference of about 30 days and reached to the 29th July, As it moves further up, changes in the climate are likely increasing and there are more chances of heavy rains and floods in the coming years.

[Gangadhar. Establish the South Asian Monsoon Time Scale and break out the mysteries of the South Asian monsoon. World Rural Observation 2026;18(2):12-110]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 04. doi:10.7537/marswro180226.04

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still)

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