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Antibacterial And Phytochemical Analysis Of Root Extract Of Alysicarpus Vaginalis Dc. Against Respiratory Tract Pathogens

Prashant Arya¹, J. P. Mehta¹ and Sanjay Kumar²

¹Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar (Garhwal)

²Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University (Haridwar)

Email- prashantarya09@gmail.com

Email-sanjay.gku@gmail.com

ABSTRACT： Present day infectious diseases pose serious problems to health and are the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The uses of herbs in treatment of human and animal diseases have long been established. Most plant extracts have been shown to possess antimicrobial agents active against microorganisms in vitro. These plants contain medicinal properties which make them potent to cure or prevent diseases. Nature has been a prime source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. The Himalayan natives have a great wealth of medicinal plants and traditional medicinal knowledge. Monitoring of susceptibility of herbal drugs for bacterial pathogens is important for appropriate choice of treatment. The present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of various roots extracts of Alysicarpus vaginalis (Chukalai) against selected common respiratory tract pathogens i.e. Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1144, Streptococcus pneumoniae MTCC 655, Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 442, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 4030 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2474. Plants root were collected from different parts of Garhwal Himalaya and authenticated at Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Center Dehradun. Properly washed with water and shade dried Root of the plant at room temperature. The plant material were crushed and extracted according to polarity, low to high in petroleum ether (PET), chloroform (CHCl₃), methanol (MeOH) and Water (H₂O) by using Soxhlet apparatus. The antibacterial activity was examined by agar well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by twofold serial dilution method. Erythromycin was used as positive control to determine the sensitivity of the strains and Di Methyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) used as negative control. The results showed that methanolic extract was more active than other extracts in its antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition exhibited by methanol extract against tested microorganisms ranged between 06 mm to 13 mm, respectively. MIC values were recorded between 3.12 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml for all the organisms. The Phytochemical screening for Methanol (MeOH) extract of A. vaginalis has shown that plant contains flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, saponins and tannins. This investigation supports a good response to the use of A.vaginalis in herbal medicine and as a base for the development of new drugs and phytomedicine in foundation for its use in treatment of respiratory infectious diseases.

[Prashant Arya, J. P. Mehta and Sanjay Kumar. Antibacterial And Phytochemical Analysis Of Root Extract Of Alysicarpus Vaginalis Dc. Against Respiratory Tract Pathogens. Stem Cell. 2025;16(2):1-7] ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 1. doi:10.7537/marsscj160225.01

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Indigofera irsute ethanol extract, attenuates oxidative stress, and down regulates gene expression of pro inflammatory factors; NF-κB, TGF- and IL-6 during fibrogenesis in rat.

Muhammad B. Y¹,² Salah M. Abdel-Rahman³ Fatima H. Elrashidy¹ Amany S. Haggag ^,3 Adamu R.M⁴.

¹Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. ²Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria. ³Department of Nucleic Acid Research, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt. ⁴Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Department of Pharmacy.

*Corresponding author: Rabbanimuhammad1@gmail.com

Abstract: Liver fibrosis refers to wound healing in response to chronic inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Indigofera irsute extract against CCl₄- induced fibrogenesis. Fibrosis was induced in rat model and several biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis were determined. I irsute significantly protected the liver by decreasing the level of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and hydroxyproline level. In addition, I irsute attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and restoring the level of reduced glutathione in liver homogenate. Similarly, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione transferase (GST) as well as glutathione (GSH) level were increased in rat treated with I. irsute. Finally, I irsute suppressed inflammation through down regulation of mRNA levels of some proinflammatory and fibrosis markers (NF-κB, IL-6 and TGF-β). Histological analysis closely tallied with all the biomarkers tested; showing inhibition of fibrogenesis by I hirsute extract. This result indicates that I irsute attenuated oxidative stress, inflammation and inhibited liver fibrogenesis. Therefore, it could be used as a source of therapeutic antifibrotic agent.

[Muhammad B. Y, Salah M. Abdel-Rahman, Fatima H. Elrashidy, Amany S. Haggag, Adamu R.M. Indigofera irsute ethanol extract, attenuates oxidative stress, and down regulates gene expression of pro inflammatory factors; NF-κB, TGF- and IL-6 during fibrogenesis in rat. Stem Cell. 2025;16(2):8-16] ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2. Doi:10.7537/marsscj160225.02

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Biolumicelles scientific evidence of how animals can sense disasters in advance

Gangadhar

8. No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana,  India.

Email: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:   Some animals can sense changes in their environment that may indicate an impending natural disaster, but what is the scientific evidence that animals can consistently predict them. Biological forecasting that predicts where and when organisms can occur as limited by the physical environment and organisms also connected to microclimates. The predictions are made using models of the physical processes of energy and mass exchange between organisms and their ecosystems and environments. Accordingly, many animals, fish, birds, reptiles, and  insects  predict the climate changes and natural calamities in advance. I have done many research and studies on this and What I have discovered is that there are moments of biochemical release in the bodies of humans and other animals "I.e" Biolumicelles before disasters as outlined below.

[Gangadhar. Biolumicelles scientific evidence of how animals can sense disasters in advance. Stem Cell. 2025;16(2):17-142] ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3. doi:10.7537/marsscj160225.03

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