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Awareness, Adoption and Perceived Benefits of Agroforestry Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria

Torhemen, T. T¹, Ancha, P. U.¹,  Tee, T.N., Ikyaagba, E. T¹., and Verinumbe, I.¹

^1.              Department of Social and Environmental Forestry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: email: taver22@yahoo.com; +234 8130667945

Abstract: Agroforestry technologies (AFT) offer smallholder farmers the potential to improve farm productivity, diversify income, and enhance environmental sustainability. However, adoption remains uneven across farming communities. This study investigated the awareness, adoption, and perceived benefits of AFT among smallholder farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 60 direct beneficiaries, 300 secondary beneficiaries/neighbouring farmers, and 10 extension agents using semi-structured questionnaires administered using “Kobo Collect”. The data collected were analyzed through descriptive statistics and a Likert scale. The results revealed that all primary beneficiary farmers (100%, n = 60) were aware of AFT, with 86.7% receiving regular extension visits, and extension agents (68.3%) identified as the main information source. Neighbouring farmers’ awareness was markedly lower, ranging from 14% to 66% across zones. Adoption duration was substantial, with 53.3% of farmers practising AFT for 16–20 years and 36.7% for 21–25 years. Primary benefits reported included staking materials (MWS = 4.6), increased farm output (MWS = 4.5), fertilizer provision (MWS = 4.4), fuelwood (MWS = 4.3), and mulching/green manure (MWS = 4.3), whereas ecological benefits, such as erosion control, were less recognized (MWS = 2.1). Integration of livestock and crops was common, with goats (44.3%) and yams (60%) most frequently combined with Leucaena species. Secondary adoption among neighbouring farmers was observed, with 78.3% reporting 1–5 secondary adopters. Constraints to adoption included traditional practices (100%) and insufficient extension follow-up. The study shows that awareness and perceived benefits motivate primary users to adopt the practices; however, the spread of these practices to the broader community is still limited. This indicates a need for targeted outreach, participatory methods, and policies that promote both the ecological and economic advantages of AFT.

[Torhemen, T. T., Ancha, P. U., Tee, N.T., Ikyaagba, E. T., and Verinumbe, I. Awareness, Adoption and Perceived Benefits of Agroforestry Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Academ Arena 2026;18(4):1-15]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 01. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180426.01

Key words: Agroforestry adoption; Benue State; smallholder farmers; Leucaena species; extension services; perceived benefits

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区域发展的多中心网络模式研究

张浩

张浩（1990年9月16日）男，汉族，陕西西安人，中国人民大学经济学研究生在读人员，研究方向：网络经济学。

摘要：在全球化与数字化深度融合的背景下，区域经济发展模式正经历着从垂直“等级体系”向水平“网络扁平化”的结构性演进，并具体呈现为多中心、多节点的“多极网络空间组织”形态。这一空间结构的深刻变迁，不仅重塑了经济地理格局，亦对区域间的功能联系与治理逻辑产生了深远影响。面对此种网络化演进趋势，传统的、基于行政边界的区域治理模式面临严峻挑战，亟需构建能够跨越行政壁垒、整合多元主体力量的协同治理机制，以有效应对日益复杂的发展环境与外部不确定性的冲击。为系统解析此现象，本文构建了一个“结构-功能-流动”三维分析框架，并选取长三角城市群中的上海作为多极网络发展的典型案例进行实证研究。研究表明，多极网络空间组织作为一种新兴范式，正通过优化区域内部要素配置、促进跨区域创新协同、以及增强整体经济系统的韧性，为推动区域协调与高质量发展提供核心动力。

[张浩. 区域发展的多中心网络模式研究. Academ Arena 2026;18(4):16-18]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 02. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180426.02

Keywords: 区域发展; 多中心网络; 模式; 研究; 全球化; 数字化; 融合

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时空阶梯理论与三旋理论为啥需要虚数

常炳功, 王德奎

摘要：“研究社区”发展今天的人工智能和后互联网时代，其实是开放的，包括了所有人及其他们各式各样的兴趣和爱好，只不过在“智能体”外，增加了两个区分：即“霸凌体”和“中间体”。因为在后互联网时代，“研究社区”的“智能体”存在“撕裂”的现象更大、更容易。“霸凌体”功能不行，却不改正，或不向好的学。这种人工智能和后互联网时代，科学要进步，如何进步？

[常炳功, 王德奎. 时空阶梯理论与三旋理论为啥需要虚数. Academ Arena 2026;18(4):19-23]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 03. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180426.03

关键词：量子力学; 虚数; 芝诺坐标; 智能体; 霸凌体; 中间体

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黄河谷地堰塞湖的存在和溃决初探

----解译喇家遗址及其黄河对岸的沉积地层假说（摘编）

陈蕴真

（中山大学海洋科学学院教授）

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：青藏高原东缘的黄河谷地，是地震、滑坡、泥流、泥石流的多发、易发区域。晚更新世以来，黄河谷地的自然和人工环境，孕育了两条典型的灾害（灾变）链：地震--滑坡--泥流或泥石流，地震--滑坡--水库（堰塞湖）溃坝--洪水。

[陈蕴真. 黄河谷地堰塞湖的存在和溃决初探----解译喇家遗址及其黄河对岸的沉积地层假说（摘编）. Academ Arena 2026;18(4):24-26]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 04. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180426.04

关键词：堰塞湖; 溃坝; 地震; 青藏高原; 黄河谷地; 泥石流

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喇叭筒黑洞抛射模型——宇宙起源新机制

Sun Chunwu

Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, mainly engaged in research on natural sciences, etc;

Retired unit, Jiangsu Yangzhou Huading Electrical Appliance Group Co., Ltd

Visiting Professor at the Talent Education and Training Center of the China Management Science Research Association

Email: yzscw0514@163.com WeChat account scw20171020 Postal code 225008

摘要: 现代宇宙学中，大爆炸理论对奇点、暴涨、暗物质、暗能量等问题仍存在难以自洽的解释。本文提出一种全新宇宙起源模型：宇宙并非起源于数学奇点，而是起源于“喇叭筒形态黑洞”的整体结构与抛射演化。喇叭筒黑洞以涡旋场为基本动力，通过内场压缩、轴向抛射、边界扩张，形成可观测宇宙的物质、空间、时间与运动规律。本文从结构形态、动力机制、演化路径、物理对应四个方面进行理论推导，解释星系分布、宇宙膨胀、天体涡旋运动等观测现象，为统一场论、宇宙起源与演化提供新的理论框架。

[Sun Chunwu. 喇叭筒黑洞抛射模型——宇宙起源新机制. Academ Arena 2026;18(4):27-31]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 05. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180426.05

关键词：宇宙起源；喇叭筒黑洞；黑洞抛射；涡旋场；宇宙演化

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Changes in the Sun and its effects on the African continent : its prediction and mitigation measures

Gangadhar

8. No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana,  India.

Email: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:   The continent of Africa, which has a globally textual history, is home to various climate change-induced natural disasters. In this paper, examine climate changes in the Sun and their effect on the African continent and the early warning systems for all Africa and suggests how to study such climate changes and natural disasters, suggesting ways to anticipate them. Geological hazards such as earthquakes can be studied by developing the Geoscope system, By developing the Monsoon Time Scales, metrological hazards such as heavy rains and floods and droughts and famines can be studied. Plans can be made accordingly. The study of Cosmology can explore the inextricable links between planetary movements and disasters and how the planets orbiting in space are affecting the disasters that occur on earth. So African scientists can develop the Geoscope and Monsoon Time Scales as outlined below and protect people from climate changes and natural calamities.

[Gangadhar. Changes in the Sun and its effects on the African continent : its prediction and mitigation measures. Academ Arena 2026;18(4):32-102]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 06. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180426.06

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70), A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80), Basics of Geoscope (1980-87), Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91), Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000), Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015), Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still)

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