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Awareness, Adoption and Perceived Benefits of Agroforestry Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria

Torhemen, T. T, Ancha, P. U., Tee, T.N., Ikyaagba, E. T., and Verinumbe, I.

Department of Social and Environmental Forestry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: email: taver22@yahoo.com; +234 8130667945

Abstract: Agroforestry technologies (AFT) offer smallholder farmers the potential to improve farm productivity, diversify income, and enhance environmental sustainability. However, adoption remains uneven across farming communities. This study investigated the awareness, adoption, and perceived benefits of AFT among smallholder farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 60 direct beneficiaries, 300 secondary beneficiaries/neighbouring farmers, and 10 extension agents using semi-structured questionnaires administered using “Kobo Collect”. The data collected were analyzed through descriptive statistics and a Likert scale. The results revealed that all primary beneficiary farmers (100%, n = 60) were aware of AFT, with 86.7% receiving regular extension visits, and extension agents (68.3%) identified as the main information source. Neighbouring farmers’ awareness was markedly lower, ranging from 14% to 66% across zones. Adoption duration was substantial, with 53.3% of farmers practising AFT for 16–20 years and 36.7% for 21–25 years. Primary benefits reported included staking materials (MWS = 4.6), increased farm output (MWS = 4.5), fertilizer provision (MWS = 4.4), fuelwood (MWS = 4.3), and mulching/green manure (MWS = 4.3), whereas ecological benefits, such as erosion control, were less recognized (MWS = 2.1). Integration of livestock and crops was common, with goats (44.3%) and yams (60%) most frequently combined with Leucaena species. Secondary adoption among neighbouring farmers was observed, with 78.3% reporting 1–5 secondary adopters. Constraints to adoption included traditional practices (100%) and insufficient extension follow-up. The study shows that awareness and perceived benefits motivate primary users to adopt the practices; however, the spread of these practices to the broader community is still limited. This indicates a need for targeted outreach, participatory methods, and policies that promote both the ecological and economic advantages of AFT.

[Torhemen, T. T., Ancha, P. U., Tee, T.N., Ikyaagba, E. T., and Verinumbe, I. Awareness, Adoption and Perceived Benefits of Agroforestry Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Academ Arena 2026;18(5):1-14]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 01. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180526.01

Key words: Agroforestry adoption; Benue State; smallholder farmers; Leucaena species; extension services; perceived benefits

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会说汉语的脑机接口手机能人手一个吗

----现代智能手机未来出路初探

吴霞睿

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：2025年4月1日科学网，转发“澎湃新闻”记者吴跃伟的《脑机接口：未来的“手机”》的文章，和2025年4月2日《科技日报》记者刘霞，发表的《可控飞行的最小无线机器人问世》一文，读后使我们联想到，会说汉语的脑机接口手机能人手一个吗？

[吴霞睿. 会说汉语的脑机接口手机能人手一个吗----现代智能手机未来出路初探. Academ Arena 2026;18(5):15-17]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 02. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180526.02

关键词：脑机接口; 智能手机; 蜜蜂飞行机; 会说汉语

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于渌院士科学故事传奇

----现代科学发展在中国之一

巴川

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：于渌院士说，科学工作者离不开社会、历史的大环境，在一些重要的节点上，是时代提供了机遇。不管于渌院士是留学苏联，还是在物理所搞研究；不管是出国进修，还是到意大利国际理论物理中心任职，个人的成长总是与国家命运紧紧联系在一起的。他鼓励年轻人，不管遇到什么困难，都要坚定信念，心怀感恩，奋力前行。

[巴川. 于渌院士科学故事传奇----现代科学发展在中国之一. Academ Arena 2026;18(5):18-26]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 03. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180526.03

关键词：于渌院士; 科学故事; 传奇; 量子调控; 爱因斯坦

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程智教授的新书《良渚文明》走向何方

----现代基础科学在中国之十一

长江康

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：程智教授没有说明：得舍（DeepSeek）的中文智慧与它的英文智慧是不同的。它的英文智慧可以让英伟达股价重挫，但它的中文智慧不如“文小言（原百度搜索）”的有些判断正确。正是有这种亲身所见的对比，所以今天我们才对程智教授的新书《良渚文明》走向何处，来作张伯礼院士的“人的生命比机器重要”类似的思考。

[长江康. 程智教授的新书《良渚文明》走向何方----现代基础科学在中国之十一. Academ Arena 2026;18(5):27-34]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 04. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180526.04

关键词：良渚文明； 三星堆； 人工智能； 英文； 中文

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炒股类比论解读“形式”

----形式本体论复杂地位初探

郁松, 曾富

Recommended: 王德奎 (Wang Dekui), 绵阳日报社, 绵阳, 四川 621000, 中国, y-tx@163.com

摘要：办厂类似直接生产，与自然科学实验生产方法对应。而经商做生意，是使产品加速流通消化。炒股是调剂、吸收社会剩余生产资金，其意义与生产的联系也能理解。那么这种类比对应，也能理解为什么在自然科学实验生产研究方法外，还有形式逻辑数学电脑研究方法，以及形式本体论标准模型争辩研究方法。

[郁松, 曾富. 炒股类比论解读“形式”----形式本体论复杂地位初探. Academ Arena 2026;18(5):35-37]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 05. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180526.05

关键词：形式; 本体论; 类比; 盆塞海; 炒股; 改革开放

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Establish the South East African Monsoon Time Scale and break out the mysteries of the South East African monsoon

Gangadhar

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:   There are many mysteries and unsolved issues in the monsoonal climate and Weather systems that cannot explain and solve. I proposed and designed the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales for all world global, regional, local monsoon systems along with countries for unraveling the mysteries of climate, weather, monsoons; studying the characteristics of mechanism of climate, weather and monsoons and exercising the benefits of mankind and development of monsoonal climate and weather sciences.  According to the researches and studies on the Monsoon Time Scales, it is known that there will be major global climate changes in the coming years "i.e"  heavy rains, floods and storms etc. will occur until about 2075 and there will be droughts and famines etc. until about 2150. Through the establishment of Monsoon Time Scales, we can know the future consequences of the climate changes. Plans can be made accordingly. So, scientists can establish the Monsoon Time Scale and predict what is going to happen in the monsoonal climate in the coming years roughly. I call on the world scientists to design and establish the Monsoon Time Scales following the Basics of Monsoon Time Scales outlined below, based on the India Monsoon Time Scale which is successfully proved out in practice. South East African monsoon is a key system in  global monsoon systems. I have conducted many scientific researches on this monsoon system  and as a part these researches, I proposed and designed the Basics of South East African Monsoon Time Scale  which can help to study the past, present and future conditions of the South East African monsoon.   In the current year 2022, the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon was traveling upwards and reached to the 29th June. Below this, the main-path of Indian summer monsoon also traveled upwards parallel to the pre-path of Indian summer monsoon with a difference of about 30 days and reached to the 29th July, As it moves further up, changes in the climate are likely increasing and there are more chances of heavy rains and floods in the coming years.

[Gangadhar. Establish the South East African Monsoon Time Scale and break out the mysteries of the South East African monsoon. Academ Arena 2026;18(5):38-121]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 06. doi:10.7537/marsaaj180526.06

Keywords: Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still)

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