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REVIEW ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT

Addisu Muleta,  Asmamaw Aki*, Tujane Adem  and Gizachew Wubaye

Assosa, Regional Animal Health, Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, P.O.box 326,  email address: asmamawaki@gmail.com,  Cell phone: +251-902330029

SUMMARY : Escherichia coli is a significant public health concern due to its pathogenic strains, which can lead to severe foodborne illnesses. This review synthesizes current literature on E. coli's impact on public health, focusing on its transmission routes, pathogenicity, and the importance of food safety measures. It also examines the public health implications of E. coli, particularly its presence in food and water, and highlights the need for improved hygiene practices, the importance of hygiene and sanitation in preventing outbreaks.   The aim of this review were focused on identifying the factors contributing to E. coli presence in food, understanding its pathogenicity, and assessing its environmental implications, evaluating the overall public health risks associated with E. coli infections and promoting food safety practices. Prevention and control is thorough hand washing and proper food handling, can significantly reduce the risk of infection, vaccination strategies and research into novel antimicrobial agents and alternative therapies is also gaining momentum, aiming to reduce reliance on traditional antibiotics while effectively managing infections. The treatment was by using alternative therapies, such as phage therapy, are being investigated to address antibiotic resistance and effectively target pathogenic strains. Research is also looking into the use of probiotics to restore healthy gut flora, potentially reducing the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic E. coli.

[Addisu Muleta,  Asmamaw Aki, Tujane Adem  and Gizachew Wubaye. REVIEW ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT. Cancer Biology. 2026;16(2):1-15]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net 01. doi:10.7537/marscbj160226.01

Key words: E. coli; Public health; Pathogenic; Verocytotoxigenic E. coli

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Evaluation of CD4 T-Cell Counts and Plasma Viral Load in People Living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

¹Ewa-Udu Nwanneka Eleje, ²Enya Emmanuel, ¹Okonko Blessing Jachinma, ¹Ukanwa Chika Clement & ^1&3Okonko Iheanyi Omezuruike

¹Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria

²Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

³Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to pose a major public health challenge globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where monitoring immunological and virological markers is essential for evaluating treatment outcomes. This study evaluated CD4⁺ T-cell counts and plasma viral load among people living with HIV (PLHIV) attending the Federal Medical Centre in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. A total of 200 HIV-infected individuals were enrolled in the study. Socio-demographic data were obtained using structured records, while immunological and virological parameters, including CD4⁺ T-cell count and plasma HIV viral load, were analysed. Statistical associations between viral load suppression and socio-demographic variables were assessed using the Chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The socio-demographic characteristics revealed that females constituted the majority of the study population (69.5%), while males accounted for 30.9%. The largest age group was 41–50 years (35.0%), followed by 31–40 years (26.5%), ≥51 years (24.5%), and ≤30 years (14.0%). Most participants were single (54.5%), while 39.5% were married. The population was predominantly Christian (70.5%). Educational attainment showed that 34.0% had secondary education, 28.0% had no formal education, 20.5% had tertiary education, and 17.5% had primary education. Occupationally, students represented the largest group (36.0%), followed by employed individuals (35.0%). Immunological assessment indicated that the majority of participants (71.0%) had CD4⁺ T-cell counts greater than 350 cells/µL, while 18.0% had counts between 201–349 cells/µL and 11.0% had counts below 200 cells/µL. Virological analysis showed that 23.5% of participants had target not detected viral load, while 57.5% had viral loads below 40 copies/mL. Overall, 94.5% of participants achieved viral load suppression (<1000 copies/mL), whereas 5.5% had unsuppressed viral load. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between viral load suppression and socio-demographic variables (p > 0.05). Similarly, although viral suppression improved with higher CD4 counts, the relationship between CD4 T-cell count and viral load suppression was not statistically significant (χ² = 2.31, p = 0.31). These findings demonstrate high levels of viral suppression and relatively preserved immune status among PLHIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Umuahia, highlighting the effectiveness of ongoing HIV treatment programs.

[Ewa-Udu Nwanneka Eleje, Enya Emmanuel, Okonko Blessing Jachinma, Ukanwa Chika Clement & Okonko Iheanyi Omezuruike. Evaluation of CD4 T-Cell Counts and Plasma Viral Load in People Living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. Cancer Biology. 2026;16(2):16-26]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net 02. doi:10.7537/marscbj160226.02

Keywords: Evaluation; CD4 T-Cell Counts; Plasma Viral Load; HIV; Umuahia; Nigeria

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Bioefficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens, foliar and cultivated soil application against Tetranychus urticae on Cucumber crop

Waked A. Dalia¹, Mahgoub H.A.M.², Eleawa M.¹, and Rataba A.¹

(1)    Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

(2)    Botany and Microbiology Dep., Faculty of Science, AlAzhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

dr.dalia188@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Tetranychus urticae, is a key pest of Cucumber, irrespective of the use of conventional or organic management. In organic systems, however, the use of synthetic insecticides is not allowed, increasing the difficulty of controlling this pest. P. fluorescens had an effective effect on soil treatment and foliar spraying, (T3) where the reduction was 75.21%. Where there were no significant differences between them and the reduction caused by the chemical pesticide and this shows the importance of the role of biopesticides in reducing the population of this serious pest. There is no significant effect on the protease by all treatments. While the chitinase enzyme shows that its activity increased at a high rate in all the treatments except ortus treatment compared with control. The chemical pesticide ortus had an effective and strong effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) where the activity of this enzyme decreased to the extent of inhibition, reaching 35.43 (μgAchBr/min/g.b.wt) while, the activity of this enzyme increased in the other treatments, where the activity reached nearly control or increase after the first spray. The treatments which caused high reduction percent gave high productivity. There were not any significant differences in yield amount in treatment with (ortus), (soil and foliar application of P. fluorescens) and (foliar application of P. fluorescens and B. bassiana).                                            

[Waked A. Dalia, Mahgoub H.A.M., Eleawa M., and Rataba A. Bioefficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens, foliar and cultivated soil application against Tetranychus urticae on Cucumber crop. Cancer Biology. 2026;16(2):27-32]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net 03. doi:10.7537/marscbj160226.03

Key words: Pseudomonas fluorescens; Tetranychus urticae; cucumber

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Discovery of Biolumicelles

Gangadhara Rao I rlapati

8. No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana,  India.

Email: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract: I have discovered the biolumicelles on the eyeball in 1964 in the Lisposcope experiments. These particles are a part and parcel of the human body, may be released within the human body and secreting to the eyeball through the eye water. This is my second invention. Liposcope is my first invention. Take one small glass/steel ball or water drop on an object and stand in sun the light. Expose the ball/drop to the sun rays. As a result of the sun rays, there will be a light spot in the drop/ball. Place the light spot closely to the eye. The light spot appears many times bigger as a circular screen. The appearance in the screen of light spot is the surface of the eyeball. This can be proved by moving eyelids, the movement of eyelids, eye water and some Biolumicelles on the eyeball can be observed in the screen of light spot. This invention of the Biolumicelles was the root cause of many inventions and discoveries such as Biforecast. In this paper, I have discussed all these things in detail with additional information.

[Gangadhara Rao I rlapati. Discovery of Biolumicelles. Cancer Biology. 2026;16(2):33-96]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net 04. doi:10.7537/marscbj160226.04

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still)

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