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Evaluation of Bacillus Subtilis Inoculation for Bioconversion of Organic Solid Wastes (Maize Husk, Cowpea Husk and African Spinach) Into Biofortified Compost

¹Oladapo Zainab Abosede and ²Bukola Catherine Akin-Osanaiye

        ¹Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Science, University Of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria ²Department Of Biochemistry, Faculty Of Science, University Of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria

                                  ¹Email: oladapozainababosede@gmail.com

Abstract: This study focused on the Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis inoculation for bioconversion of organic solid wastes (maize husk, cowpea husk and African spinach) into biofortified compost. Ten (10) kilograms of carbon-based organic wastes comprising of maize husk wastes, 5 kg of nitrogen based organic wastes which comprises of beans husk wastes and the cofactor which is vegetable (African spinach) wastes combined in the ratio of 2:1:1, 3:2:1 and 4:3:2 were used for the composting set up. The organic waste with 4:3:2 combination had the highest (p<0.05) proximate values of 24.70±3.2 % for ash content and the lowest lipid recorded 3.01±0.1 % as the least. The biofortified compost temperature was monitored during the period of composting. The initial temperature of the three organic wastes composition (2:1:1, 3:2:1 and 4:3:2) inoculated with Bacillus subtilis as well as their controls after mixing was 26.5 °C for day one and rose to 43.2 ⁰C at day 30 while the control temperature was 29.4 ⁰C. The initial pH of the biofortified compost (day 1) was 6.4 for all ratios. For the 2:1:1 combination, the pH increases from 6.4 to 6.5 at day 40 up till day 60 and for 3:2:1 and 4:3:2 combinations ratio the pH increases from 6.4 to 6.7. As the composting progress, the organic matter and organic carbon decrease from the day one to day 60 for all the combinations. The substrates mixtures showed an initial electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.8 dSm^-1 from the first day. It reached up to 2.19 dS m^-1 for 2:1:1, 2.23 dS m^-1 for 3:2:1 and 2.35 dS m^-1 for 4:3:2 with progressive degradation up to 60 days meanwhile, the control only increased from 1.8 dS m^-1 to 1.9 dS m^-1. Compost analysis of the organic waste inoculated with Bacillus subtilis showed a good C:N ratio and increased value of phosphorus and nitrogen up till day 60 which are required for enhancement of soil fertility. The compost generated from the degradation can be applied to increase the fertility of the soil.

[Oladapo Zainab Abosede, Bukola Catherine Akin-Osanaiye. Evaluation of Bacillus Subtilis Inoculation for Bioconversion of Organic Solid Wastes (Maize Husk, Cowpea Husk and African Spinach) Into Biofortified Compost. N Y Sci J 2025;18(5):1-10]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 01. doi:10.7537/marsnys180525.01

Keywords: Organic waste; Bacillus subtilis; biofortified compost; bioconversion

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Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant Potency of the Combined Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) and Elaeis guineensis (Palm Kernel Oil) in Mice

Martin O. Anagboso^1*, Vivian A. Ike², Felix N. Osuala², Blessing J. Okonko¹ & Iheanyi O. Okonko^1,3

¹ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele Campus, Rivers State, Nigeria.

² Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele Campus, Rivers State Nigeria.

³ Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: Prof. Martin O. Anagboso, E-mail: ocmartin24@gmail.com, GSM: +234 7086708444

ABSTRACT: Nigeria has a long history of treating a wide range of illnesses with various herbs, spices, and herbal ingredients. Agents derived from plants are anticipated to be less harmful and less expensive in light of non-compliance, drug costs, and toxicity that synthetic pharmaceuticals have caused over the years. An irregular and sporadic occurrence of seizures is the hallmark of convulsions, a neurodisorder in brain activity. Children frequently experience it, particularly when they have a fever or a high body temperature. In eastern Nigeria, the majority of indigenous people utilize Elaeis guineensis oil (palm kernel oil) and Garcinia kola (bitter kola) either separately or in combination to treat children's convulsions. To support or refute this practice, the purpose of this study was to examine the anticonvulsant qualities of these two plant extracts. The bitter kola fruits and palm kernel nuts were gathered, verified, dried, and ground. The palm kernel was boiled to extract the oil, and the powdered Garcinia kola (bitter kola) was macerated in ethanol for 72 hours. The resulting crude extract was concentrated, and phytochemical analyses showed that G kola and palm kernel oil contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, phlobannins, anthroquinone, and deoxy-sugars, respectively. The presence of lignin, carbohydrate, protein, mucilage, cellulose, gutin, and suberin was discovered using chemomicroscopic analysis. The anticonvulsant effects of palm kernel oil and Garcinia kola, both independently and together, were tested in mice using convulsion models induced by pentylene tetrazol (PTZ) and isoniazid. It was found that the various regimens significantly (p<0.005 - 0.01) protected against convulsions caused by PTZ and isoniazid in mice, even if the combined products' activity was lower than that of the individual products.

[Anagboso, M. O., Ike, V. A., Osuala, F. N., Okonko, B. J.  & Okonko, I. O. Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant Potency of the Combined Ethanol Extract of Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) and Elaeis guineensis (Palm Kernel Oil) in Mice. N Y Sci J 2025;18(5):21-29]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 03. doi:10.7537/marsnys180525.03

Keywords: Anticonvulsant; Elaeis guineensis (Palm kernel oil); Garcinia kola

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Astro-climatic Numerical Weather Periodic Tables - a revisit and review

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

8. No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana,  India.

Email: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:  It is fact that the postion and motion of celestial objects can be used to predict both seasonal climate and weather.. Between 1991-2000 years, I conducted many researches and studies on the astronomical forces and its effects on the earth climate and designed  Numerical Weather Periodic Tables with 21 blocks, each block containing certain prescribed cycle of years in which similar calendar years repeating one after another that leads similar weather conditions of those previous years to future years likely repeating every year approximately  to study the monsoon and it’s weather conditions and natural calamities. Weather Periodic Tables is very useful in studying  monsoonal climate  and its weather changes and natural calamities in advance. Although weakened by forecasting property with less successive rate and reliability ambiguity rate, it is a primary natural biological forecasting method. Let’s discuss this issue.  

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Astro-climatic Numerical Weather Periodic Tables - a revisit and review. N Y Sci J 2025;18(5):30-110]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 04. doi:10.7537/marsnys180525.04

Keywords: Bioforecast (1965-70); A New Hypothetical Model of Cosmology (1970-77); Inquisition (1977-79); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Indian Monsoon Time Scale (1991); Researches on Earth and space related issues (1991-2000); Numerical Weather Periodic Tables (2000-10); Designs of Geoscope projects (2010-20); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2020-)

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