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LANDSLIDES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH ALONG THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY-3: SPATIAL PATTERN AND CHARACTRISTICS

¹Indora Suraj Rajkumar and ²Anju Gupta

¹Research Scholar Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)

²Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)

¹Corresponding Author Email: suraj0111@gmail.com

Abstract: Road network plays an important role in socio-economic development of the Himalayan regions. The roads of the Himalayan region are generally subjected to heavy slope failure events. Slope failure along highways is a crucial problem. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the spatial pattern and characteristics of landslide in the study area. The landslide inventory includes 302 landslides in the study area. In total, the mapped landslides occupy about 1.5 million square meter area which is 1.533 km². The smallest landslide area is 30 m² and the largest is 350000 m².  The average is 5112.3 m², with a standard deviation of 27745.66 m², collectively the 302 landslides in the study area of around 1000 km² displaced 8.3 million cubic meters (m³) of slop material. According to the volume of the landslides 53% landslides are fairly large which have the debris 1000 to 9999 m³. The attribute data reveals that 81% landslides are still in active mode which is quite alarming and only 18% landslide sites have the mitigation measures which means still 82% landslide location need the mitigation measure to reduce the risk.

[Indora Suraj Rajkumar and Anju Gupta. LANDSLIDES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH ALONG THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY-3: SPATIAL PATTERN AND CHARACTRISTICS. Researcher 2026;18(7):1-8]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 01. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180726.01

Keywords: Landslide; Inventory; Mitigation

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Goods and Services Tax: An Analytical study In E- Commerce Sector in Indian context

Priya Goswami and  Dr. Monika Mishra

Apex University Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Corresponding Author Email: goswamipriya109@gmail.com

Abstract: GST from 1st July 2017 replaced a complex indirect tax regime comprising of Service Tax, VAT, Excise Duty and more. The goals were to streamline the tax system, solve the cascading ‘tax on tax' issue and establish a unified national market. The switch wasn't an easy one for companies at the time that were part of the digital economy. Digital marketing was a key component of the business operations in India by 2017. Services, such as SEO, social media management, content creation, emails, paid advertising, and web development were no longer the tools of the big companies — even small businesses were turning to them. This exposed the sector somewhat to any change in the tax regime. Prior to GST, digital marketing services were subjected to 15.3% tax, which is 15% Service Tax + 2% Education Cess. This increased to 18% with the introduction of GST. This was enough to encourage changes in pricing, cash flow management and supplier contracts for agencies with thin margins. GST had new compliance needs that weren't in existence earlier, and that were new to newer agencies such as Spot Digital — registration, regular return filing, invoice discipline and ITC reconciliation. There were advantages also: a formal recognition as a business, input credit and the ability to run a business in multiple states under a single registration. We selected this particular agency named Spot Digital out of the many digital marketing agencies in Bengaluru, as they provide all the above mentioned services. It's because it's a small agency that has been operating since GST was introduced, and it provides a valuable insight into the way a small agency grows its business within the GST system, and not as part of a transition to it.

[Priya Goswami and  Dr. Monika Mishra. Goods and Services Tax: An Analytical study In E- Commerce Sector in Indian context. Researcher 2026;18(7):9-13]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 02. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180726.02

Keywords: Digital marketing; input tax credit; goods and services tax; GST compliance; GST India; working capital; service sector; tax reforms India; spot digital

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ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY PROBLEMS, IN BENISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

ASMAMMAW AKI¹, ²HAIMANOT DISASSA ,  ¹NIGATU DISSASA, ²BAYISA KENAW AND ²HAILE  WORKU

¹BENISHAGUL GUMUZ REGION ASSOSA, REGIONAL VETERINARY LABORATORY, P.O.BOX326, asmamawaki@gmail.com, cellphone +251902330029

¹ASSOSA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE

²BENISHAGUL GUMUZ REGION FISHERY AND LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

ABSTRACT: A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to May 2019 in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State to assess the factors contributing for animal health service delivery problems. The respondents were assessed for the existing problems in the veterinary service delivery system including the possible factors contributing for the occurrence of the problems. They were interviewed for their perception at the curing potential of drugs, their level of satisfaction with service delivered by the public animal health service centers, their preference of choice to present their sick animals for treatment, the possible diagnostic techniques that have been carried out at the public animal health service centers and animal health posts as well as the trust they have on the drugs provided by the public animal health service centers. A total of 347 animal owners specifically 138,76,69,33 and 31 in Assosa, Dibate, Wombera, Kurmuk and Kamash woreda respectively, were randomly selected. The case of dissatisfaction of animal owners with the service of public animal health sectors was identified in all five sample woredas including the highest in wombera (68.2%) whereas the lowest in dibate (26.3%). Generally, the proportion of respondents with dissatisfaction was evaluated as 38.3%. The drugs for treatment of animals infected with endemic diseases had not been distributed throughout all woredas proportionally in accordance with its need in the area of application. The animal health service delivery system had not been well equipped with adequate diagnostic materials as well as the professionals had not been well equipped by the necessary professional quality. Privatization had not been given an attention by concerned government sectors and the animal owners considered the public animal health service sector as the only sector to get service with this regard. As a result, most of the animal owners were identified to have better trust and prioritize the public sector of animal health service. The infrastructures like road, electric system, means of communication and transportation was identified as poor. The refreshment or short- and long-term training had not been provided regularly for animal health professionals to upgrade their knowledge. The animals had not been diagnosed properly to identify the right cause of the disease which may lead miss-diagnosis and miss-treatment. Hence the animal health service sectors should be well equipped by diagnostic equipment and personals.

[ASMAMMAW AKI, HAIMANOT DISASSA, NIGATU DISSASA, BAYISA KENAW AND HAILE  WORKU. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY PROBLEMS, IN BENISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA. Researcher 2026;18(7):14-26]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 03. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180726.03

Key words: Veterinary health service; Delivery system; Problems; Animal health professionals

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Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Associated With Heavy Metal Polluted Soil in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Oyetunde, Funmitan Nike

Department of Life Science, National Space Research and Development Agency

                                               Email: Ofunmitan@gmail.com

Abstract: This study investigated the isolation and characterization of bacteria associated with heavy metal–polluted soils in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. A total of fifteen soil samples were collected from Lugbe, Gwagwalada, and Dutse-Alhaji and analyzed for physicochemical properties and microbial content. Standard microbiological techniques, including serial dilution, culture on selective media, and biochemical tests, were employed for the isolation and identification of bacterial species. The results revealed that soil pH ranged from 5.1 to 5.6 while the moisture of the soil ranged from 2.12 to 2.81. The organic matter content and the water holding capacity content also ranged from 1.03 to 2.03 and 3.35 to 3.43 respectively. A total of nineteen bacterial isolates were identified, including Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In Gwagwalada, B. cereus (3) was the most occurring bacteria, followed by Bacillus licheniformis (2) and only one (1) B. subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa each, were isolated. In Dutse, Bacillus subtilis (3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2) were the only bacteria present in the soil samples. Meanwhile, B. subtilis (3) was the most prevalent in Lugbe soil, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), B. Megaterium and Klebsiella pneumonia present recorded only one each. The bacterial associated with the heavy metal polluted soil at different locations in FCT, Abuja was not significantly different (P≤ 0.05). Among these, Bacillus subtilis (37%) was the most frequently occurring species, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26%), three B. cereus (16%), and two Bacillus licheniformis (11%) while only one (1) B. Megaterium and Klebsiella pneumonia represented 5% each were isolated. The findings highlight the presence of indigenous bacteria with significant potential for bioremediation of heavy metal–polluted soil. The study therefore recommends further exploration of these bacterial isolates for sustainable and eco-friendly soil remediation strategies.

[Oyetunde, Funmitan Nike. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Associated With Heavy Metal Polluted Soil in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Researcher 2026;18(7):27-33]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 04. doi:10.7537/marsrsj180726.04

Keywords: Bacterial isolates; Heavy metal; polluted soil

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