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The Synergistic Approach/ Action of Plants and Rhizobacteria in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Remediation in Nigeria.

Ukaegbu-Obi, K.M.*¹ and Mbakwem-Aniebo, C.C.²

¹Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Abia State, Nigeria.

²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author: kelechi.ukaegbuobi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The synergistic approach of plants and rhizobacteria in crude oil contaminated soil in three different locations were carried out. The presence of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria isolated from the polluted and pristine rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of the plants were compared. The polluted rhizosphere of total culturable heterotrophic bacterial count gave a range of 0.98x10⁶cfu/g to 1.37x10⁶cfu/g. The pristine rhizosphere count ranged from 4.11x10⁵cfu/g to 7.55x10⁵cfu/g. The polluted non-rhizosphere ranged from 2.39x10⁵cfu/g to 3.28x10⁵cfu/g. The pristine non-rhizosphere had a range of 2.90x10⁵cfu/g to 3.97x10⁵cfu/g. The polluted rhizosphere counts for hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria ranged from 1.60x10⁵cfu/g to 6.91x10⁵ cfu/g. The pristine rhizosphere gave a range of 1.85x10⁵cfu/g to 3.38x10⁵cfu/g. In the polluted non-rhizosphere, the range was from 1.02x10⁵cfu/g to 1.42x10⁵cfu/g. A range of 6.05x10⁴cfu/g to 9.75x10⁴cfu/g was obtained from the pristine non-rhizosphere. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of total heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial counts in both polluted and pristine soils. All the plants exhibited positive rhizosphere effects on the rhizobacteria. Hydrocarbon-utilizers were identified as Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Serratia and Pseudomonas spp. All the isolates grew on petroleum hydrocarbon at different growth rates. Based on these results, the organisms isolated can serve as seeds for bioaugmentation during remediation of crude oil polluted soil environment. The plants may be employed in rhizoremediation of oil polluted soil.

[Ukaegbu-Obi, K.M. and Mbakwem-Aniebo, C.C. The Synergistic Approach/ Action of Plants and Rhizobacteria in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Remediation in Nigeria. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.01

Keywords: Plants, Synergistic approach, Crude oil, Bacteria, Phytoremediation, Soil, Rhizoremediation

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Prevalence of Malaria among Biological Science Students in Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria

O.J. Afolabi*; I.A. Simon-Oke, A.A. Sorungbe, O.O. Alao.

Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria.

E mail: jideafo77@gmail.com

Abstract: The prevalence of malaria parasites among the students of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State was studied from May to November, 2014. Two hundred and ninety-seven (297) students whose ages range from 16-30 years were selected at random for this study. Thin and thick films were prepared from the blood collected from the respondents using sterilized lancets; blood group test was also carried out to determine the blood groups while heights and weights were collected using a structured questionnaire. The results showed a total prevalence of 45.79% (n=136) among the study group. Significant difference in the prevalence among age groups (p<0.05) was observed, where age group 16-20 years had the highest prevalence of 47.7% and the lowest prevalence of 21.1% was found in age group 26-30 years. Similarly, prevalence of malaria infection was higher in male (55.9%) than the female (35.2%). Prevalence of malaria among the blood groups was significantly different (P<0.05) with blood group A+ showing the highest prevalence of 92.9% and the blood group 0- showing the lowest prevalence of 17.6%. It was generally observed in the study that susceptibility to malaria parasites increased with the presence of Rhesus factor in the blood and decreased when this factor is absent. However, three species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. vivax were identified to be the causative agents of the disease among the study group but P. falciparium was the most prevalent parasite (57.3%). The results of the study have revealed that malaria is still a major public health problem among the students therefore proper environmental management such as well maintained drainage system within and around the university premises should be maintained in order to reduce mosquito population and consequently reduce prevalence of malaria in the study area.

[O.J. Afolabi; I.A. Simon-Oke, A.A. Sorungbe, O.O. Alao. Prevalence of Malaria among Biological Science Students in Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):6-12]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.02

Keywords: malaria, prevalence, Plasmodium falciparium, blood groups, Rhesus factors

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Perfect man, qualities, and his officials

Mahdi kahnoji¹, Seyyed a bdol saleh jelviani²

¹ Assistant Professor of IKI

^2. Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

Abstract: The Understanding of the perfect man is the most important and essential religious education and human. Furthermore, the knowing of the perfect man, not only it is the scientific aspects also But its belief aspects is also essential the Prophet of Islam that is a clear model of the perfect man introduced him as an epitome of the Islamic community. The discussion of the perfect man begins with this question that one of the fundamental interior beliefs of the Islam after unification is the epiphany of full names and sub Hannah’s right attributes in his manifestation, it means the perfect man. Ibn Arabi, the perfect man is expressed in three major aspects of cognitive world, is a perfect example of creation and all initial prototypes have generally in itself. Such that all hierarchy of person are nothing except various branches of the tree whose roots are in heaven, and it spreads all over the universe. But from the prophecy aspect, the perfect man is the eternal divine word and verb that each stage can be likened to one of the prophets. Therefore, each chapter of chapters Al Hekam has been awarded a highlight of the man perfect. The Prophet is a manifestation of divine science that he actually will manifest them in the world. In this conception, the perfect man becomes Muhammad fact that the realization of its land is by the Prophet (pbuh). After Ibn Arabi, in contemporary period Imam Khomeini offers the best and most complete picture of the man. From Imam Khomeini Sinew, the perfect man is like a mirror that shows right, Allah finds himself it in. Intuition is the mirror of the whole universe. This means that the perfect man is like a mirror that has two faces, in one off aces will manifest the divine names and attributes. His purity right, is observed in the mirror that indicates right and in the other face of it displays universe with all the attributes and perfections of existence.

[Mahdi kahnoji, Seyyed a bdol saleh jelviani. Perfect man, qualities, and his officials. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):13-16]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.03

Keywords: Perfect man, Ibn Arabi, Imam Khomeini

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Effect of antioxidant supplementation on in vitro maturation of Camelus Dromedaries oocytes

Mayada A. Elsayed¹, Nadia A. Taha², Abdel-Mohsen M. Hammam³ and Francois A. R. Sawiress²

¹Veterinarian, General Organization For Veterinary Services

² Department of Physiology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

³ Department of Animal Reproduction and A.I, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

hamam-pharma2010@hotmail.com

Abstract: Antioxidant supplementation during oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) has been reported to improve the maturation rate of oocytes in a range of species; but no studies have been done in camels. The present study investigated the effect of some antioxidants on the maturation rate of Camelus Dromedaries oocytes. The ovaries were collected from slaughters house during December 2013 till May 2014. Excellent and good COCs were matured in vitro in TCM-199 medium contained fetal dromedary camel serum (FDCS) or fetal calf serum (FCS) supplemented with different antioxidants β-mercaptoethanol (βME), royal jelly (RJ), ascorbic acid (Vit C), selenium (Se) and melatonin (MEL) under controlled condition (38.5 °C in 5 % CO₂ for 24 hours in humidified air). Recovery rate was 8.1 oocytes/ovary and the maturation rate was significantly higher in βME and Se supplemented medium compared to control medium (p≤0.05), while no significant difference between the control group and other groups (p≤0.05) MEL, Vit C and RJ in medium enriched with FDCS while the medium enriched with FCS there was no any significant difference between the control group and the different antioxidant supplemented groups. In conclusion, culturing dromedary camel oocytes in TCM-199+FDCS maturation medium supplemented with different antioxidants used in the present study could have a beneficial impact on maturation rates in camels especially βME and Se while no effect in case of medium enriched with FCS.

[Mayada A. Elsayed, Nadia A. Taha, Abdel-Mohsen M. Hammam and Francois A. R. Sawiress. Effect of antioxidant supplementation on in vitro maturation of Camelus Dromedaries oocytes. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):17-24]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.04

Key words: fetal dromedary camel serum, fetal calf serum, β-mercaptoethanol (βME), royal jelly (RJ), ascorbic acid (Vit C), selenium (Se) and melatonin (MEL)

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Effect of feeding time and vitamin C levels on performance of rabbit does during the mild and hot seasons in Egypt

Azza M.M Badr

Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt

azzabadr805@yahoo.com

Abstract: One hundred and twenty New Zealand White (NZW) doe rabbits at first parity were used to study the effects of period of the year (60 animals in the mild, and another 60 in the hot period), feeding time (30 ad libitum and 30 fed only at night per season), and vitamin C supplementation (0, 300 and 600 mg/ L water intake 10 does per season and feeding time). Exposure to severe heat stress decreased (P<0.05) feed intake, litter size at birth, at 21 days and at weaning, litter weight at birth, at 21 days and at weaning and estimated milk yield than in the mild period. However, water intake, rectum temperature, respiration rate and pre-weaning mortality increased (P < 0.05) with heat stress. Feeding only during night improved (P <0.05) feed intake, litter size at birth, 21 days and weaning, litter weight at birth, 21 days and weaning and milk yield than in ad libitum feeding time. While, water consumption decreased (P <0.05) in animals fed only during the night than with those fed ad libitum. Addition of vitamin C with 600 mg / L water intake improved (P <0.05) feed intake, litter size at birth, 21 days and at weaning, litter weight at birth, at 21 days and at weaning and milk yield than without supplementation. Comparison between the results of the two levels of Vitamin C (300 and 600 mg / L water intake) did not show any difference between them except for milk yield that was improved with vitamin C with 600 mg / L water intake.

[Azza M.M Badr. Effect of feeding time and vitamin C levels on performance of rabbit does during the mild and hot seasons in Egypt. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):25-30]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.05

Key words: Feeding time, heat stress, vitamin C supplementation, rabbit doe traits.

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Surveillance and Identification of Avian Influenza Subtype H9 in West Delta Governorates in Egypt

Awad, A.M.¹, Sedeik, M.E.², Abdalla A.Seliem³ and Suzan A. Dabour⁴

^1,2 Department of Avian and Aquatic animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University

^3,4 Reference laboratory for veterinary control on Poultry Production (Central lab and Behera branch), Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 246 - Dokki, Giza, Egypt 12618)

seddeeklab@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present Study was investigated for Surveillance and Identification of avian influenza subtype H9 in commercial chicken farms in West Delta region in Egypt (Alexandria, El-Behera, Gharbia, Marsamatrouh and Kafr El-SheikhGovernorates) during late 2012 to 2014. There were 150 flocks (142 broilers, 6 layers, 2 breeders) of different ages with different mortalities showing respiratory manifestation. Tracheal swab samples were collected and tested for avian influenza viruses (AIV) by real-time RT-PCR. 70.4%,33.3% and 0% of samples tested by rRT- PCR were positive for AI matrix gene in tested broilers, layers and breeders flocks, respectively. Highest incidence was found in broiler flocks followed by layers flocks with a total incidence of 102/150 (68%) in all chicken sectors. Subtyping using real-time RT- PCR for H9 subtypes has been done. The results were positive for H9 by percentage of 56.3%, 16.7%, 0% respectively in broiler, layer and breeder flocks were recorded with a total incidence of 54 % (81/150) for H9 in all species of chickens farms. Sequencing of HA gene from selected seven AIV (subtype H9) viruses isolated during 2012 to 2014 and the phylogenetic trees were constructed. Circulation of avian influenza continues to threaten public and animal health in Egypt, and continuous surveillance for avian influenza virus is needed.

[Awad, A.M., Sedeik, M.E., Abdalla A. Seliem and Suzan A. Dabour. Surveillance and IdentificationAvian Influenza Subtype H9 in West Delta Governorates in Egypt. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):30-36]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.06

Key words: RT-PCR; Avian influenza virus; subtype- H9; isolation; Hemagglutinin; Sequencing

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Design and Prediction of Potential RNAi (siRNA) Molecules for 3'UTR PTGS of Different Strains of Zika Virus: A Computational Approach

Mohammad Mahfuz Ali Khan Shawan, Md. Mozammel Hossain, Md. Ashraful Hasan, Md. Mahmudul Hasan, Afroza Parvin, Salina Akter, Kazi Rasel Uddin, Subrata Banik, Mahbubul Morshed, Md. Nazibur Rahman and S. M. Badier Rahman

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

mahfuz_026shawan@yahoo.com, mahfuz_026shawan@juniv.edu

Abstract: Zika virus is an aedes mosquito borne pathogen belonging to the member of Flaviviridae subgroup causes an emerging disease called Zika fever, known as a benign infection usually presenting as influenza like illness with cutaneous rash. Nowadays epidemic outbreak caused by Zika virus is highly contagious and incurable with present technologies; thus considered as a major health risk which need enhanced surveillance. Genetic studies on Flavivirus have shown that, the 3' untranslated region (UTR) is consists of seven highly conserved stem loop structure and is important for viral replication and pathogenesis. Therefore, 3' UTR of Zika virus can be utilized as suitable target for controlling Zika virus mediated infection. Viral infection can be reduced by RNA interference (RNAi) technology in which double stranded RNA (siRNA and miRNA) molecules mediate the post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of genes in a sequence specific manner. However genetic variability has been determined in different viral isolates; it is a great challenge to design potential siRNA (small interfering RNA) molecules to repress the expression of respective target gene rather than any other viral gene simultaneously. This work was done using various computational tools to design 21 nucleotides long siRNA sequence on the basis of rational siRNA designing method targeting CDS (coding sequence) of 3' UTR of Zika virus. In this study out of one hundred seventy eight computationally identified siRNAs only four most promising siRNA molecules for gene silencing of 3' UTR of Zika virus were verified using other computer aided tools which might lead to suppress the viral activity. Thus, this approach may provide an insight for chemically synthesized RNA molecules as antiviral agent for Zika virus mediated infection and acts as a foundation stone for an efficient therapeutics at genome level.

[Shawan MMAK, Hossain MM, Hasan MA, Hasan MM, Parvin A, Akter S, Uddin KR, Banik S, Morshed M, Rahman MN and Rahman SMB. Design and Prediction of Potential RNAi (siRNA) Molecules for 3'UTR PTGS of Different Strains of Zika Virus: A Computational Approach. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):37-50]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.07

Keywords: 3' UTR, Stem loop, RNAi, PTGS, siRNA, CDS and Computer aided tools

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Comparative study of gnostic wine in poems of Hafiz and Ebne Farez Mesri

Sadegh Ebrahimi Kavari¹, Hossein Javanmardi²

^1.  Associate Professor of Arabic Language and literature, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad university, Abadan, Iran

^2.  Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad university, Abadan, Iran

Abstract: This article with the title of cooperative study of gnostic wine in poems of two gnostic poets, compares Hafiz Shirazi the agent of Iranian culture and politeness with Ebne Farez Mesri, rising from Arab and Egypt culture. The article indicates that there are some similarities in description of gnostic wine between gnostic thoughts of these two poets. Gnostic thoughts in this realm are more prominent in the poems of Ebne Farez. But Hafez’s poems are in higher level of artistic riches than the Ebne Farez’s poems. Hafiz has affected by elegy of Ebne Farez (khomriye).

[Sadegh Ebrahimi Kavari, Hossein Javanmardi. Comparative study of gnostic wine in poems of Hafiz and Ebne Farez Mesri.. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):51-53]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.08

Key Words: wine, gnosticism, poem, Hafiz, Ebne Farez.

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Purification and Characterization of Bioflocculant produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ABL 19 Isolated from Adeti Stream, Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria

Ololade Omolara Ogunsade¹, Mufutau Kolawole Bakare,¹ and Isaac Olusanjo Adewale²

¹Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

²Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

ogunsadeom@oauife.edu.ng

Abstract: A bioflocculant-producing bacterium was isolated from Adeti Stream in Ilesa, Osun State. The isolate was identified by the 16S rRNA sequencing technique. The BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analysis of the nucleotide sequence obtained for the bacterium showed a 98% similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The bioflocculant was extracted with cold acetone and purified using gel-filtration chromatography. The bacterium produced bioflocculant optimally in glucose and peptone as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. The bioflocculant functioned effectively over a pH range of 4-11 in the presence of calcium chloride. The optimum temperature for the purified bioflocculant was 60^oC. Chemical composition of the bioflocculant revealed it to be a glycoprotein and the molecular weight was estimated at 60.8 kDa. The above properties of this polymer suggests it to be a better alternative to more expensive organic and inorganic flocculants. This study revealed a purified bioflocculant with low dependence on calcium chloride and low dosage requirement.

[Ogunsade OO, Bakare MK and Adewale IO. Purification and Characterization of Bioflocculant produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ABL 19 Isolated from Adeti Stream, Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):54-64]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.09

Keywords: Bioflocculant; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; gel-filtration chromatography; 16S rRNA sequencing

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Retrospective study of success rate of Trial of Labor after Cesarean Section (TOLAC) at Taiba hospital

Alsaeed Elsayed Ahmed A. Askar

Gynecology & Obstetric department, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University, Egypt

sa_og2009@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: To assess the success rate of Trial of Labor after Cesarean Section (TOLAC) at Taiba Hospital-Kuwait. Study design: Retrospective study. Settings: Labor wards at Taiba Hospital in Kuwait. Subjects: Adult females aged beween19-45 years with mean 29.17±4.11, attendance of our Labor wards at Taiba Hospital in Kuwait for delivery. Results: The number of people included in the study was 138. After counseling 38 refused participating in the study and actual number included was 100, the remaining 100 patients are study group 78 of them delivered normal (vaginal) so success rate is 78% and 22 delivered by emergency CS so failure rate is 22%. The most common indication for repeat CS was lack of progress 8 patients among the 22 women in whom TOLAC failed (8/22). The rate of postpartum hemorrhage, drop in hemoglobin (Hb) and Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission was high in TOLAC group 2 for each one (2/78). Age and time between admission and delivery were not significant in correlation with parity, in contrast to BMI which was highly significant. Conclusion: TOLAC in women with previous CS is associated with a relatively high success rate. This information and the risk factors for TOLAC failure can be used when counseling these women regarding mode of delivery of subsequent pregnancy.

[Alsaeed Elsayed Ahmed A. Askar. Retrospective study of success rate of Trial of Labor after Cesarean Section (TOLAC) at Taibahospital. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):65-70]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.10

Keywords: Cesarean section; vaginal delivery; trial of labor after cesarean and TOLAC

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Adhatoda aqueous Plant Extract as Environmentally Benign Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Sanitation Water in Polluted NaCl Solutions and its Biological effect on Bacteria

A.S.Fouda¹, A. Y. El-Khateeb², M. Ibrahim³ and M.Fakih³

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Mansoura University, El-Mansoura-35516, Egypt, Email: asfouda@mans.edu.eg, Fax: +2 050 2446254.

² Department of Agric. Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, Email: aymanco@mans.edu.eg

³Water and waste water company, Dakahlia, Egypt.

Abstract: The effect of aqueous plant extract on the corrosion inhibition of Adhatoda on carbon steel used in sanitation plants in 3.5% NaCl and 16 ppm Na₂S was studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. The results showed that Adhatoda extract is a good inhibitor for C-steel in 3.5% NaCl and 16 ppm Na₂S solution by forming an adsorbed film on the metal surface protecting the metal from the corrosive media. The adsorption of the extract on C-steel surface is physically and follows Temkin adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency increases with the increase of the inhibitor concentration. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence microscopy observation of the metal surface proved the existence of the adsorbed film. The biological study of the inhibitor on Escherichia Coli activity shows that this extract increases its colonies in the bacterial agriculture.

[A.S.Fouda, A. Y. El-Khateeb, M. Ibrahim and M.Fakih. Adhatoda aqueous Plant Extract as Environmentally Benign Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Sanitation Water in Polluted NaCl Solutions and its Biological effect on Bacteria. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):71-82]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.11

Keywords: Corrosion, Adhatoda, Carbon steel, NaCl, Sanitation Plant, Escherichia Coli.

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A Review on Statistical Tools for Genetic Diversity of Crop Improvement

Fareeha Zafar¹, Aamar Mumtaz¹, *Saif-ul-Malook¹, Muhammad Ubaidullah Aleem¹

¹Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad

Corresponding author email: aamer3002@.gmail.com saifulmalookpbg@gmail.com

Abstract: Knowledge of genetic diversity and their relationship is very essential for improvement of crops. A large number of statistical tools are available for ascertaining genetic diversity of crops. These tools rely on climate conditions, number of treatments, pedigree data, morphological data and agronomic performance data. For accuracy and un-biasness in estimation of genetic diversity, attention has been needed to sampling strategies, utilization of data on the basis of their strength and weakness and objective determination of genetic relationship. In this review statistical tools commonly used in plant breeding are discussed, also statistics, its use and types are discussed. Statistical tools correlation, factorial, split plot (CRD, RCBD, Split plot) and nested design are discussed.

[Fareeha Zafar, Aamar Mumtaz, Saif-ul-Malook, Muhammad Ubaidullah Aleem. A Review on Statistical Tools for Genetic Diversity of Crop Improvement. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):83-87]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.12

Keywords: Correlation, Factorial, Nested design, Split plot

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Spatial planning issues of intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital Ulaanbaatar city

Bazarkhand. Ts¹, Munkhnaran. S¹, Chinbat. B¹ and Myagmartseren. P¹

¹Department of Geography, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia

munkhnaransugar@gmail.com

Abstract: The intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital city is a main space for Ulaanbaatar city decentralization and the core object to regional planning for the capital. The intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital city should be restructured for better planning and development of Ulaanbaatar region. Thereto micro zones of the intense gravity and influence zone are created through internal zoning and should be developed with precise development functions. To develop above-mentioned micro zones, major and sub centers and development policy are established based on a group settlement scheme. Development of micro zones in the intense gravity and influence zones are significant to produce urban construction, land management and city’s regional development plans for the reason that it is critical to define regional planning tendency without considering the number of population, employment, other socio-economic characteristics and spatial gravity of settlements and administrative units located in the intensive gravity zone of Ulaanbaatar city.

[Bazarkhand.Ts, Munkhnaran.S, Chinbat.B  and Myagmartseren. P. Spatial planning issues of intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital Ulaanbaatar city. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):88-93]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.13

Keywords: intensive gravity and influence zone of capital city, micro zone, group settlement system

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A comparative study of global messages in Bahar and Shoghi s poem

Dr. Fariborz Hossein Janzadeh ¹, Ebrahim Saki²

^1- Assistant professor of Arabic Language and literature, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad university, Kashmar, Iran

^2- Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad university, Abadan, Iran

Abstract: Pathology of the challenges of today's world with the new social and political factors, and the introduction of strategies that deal with them are one of the main features of Persian and Arabic poetry. Detailed analysis of current literature of Iran and the Arab world opens up new horizons in front of its audience s views. The analysis of discourse of Baharand Amir Alshra’ Shoghi as representatives of constitutional literature in Iran and Literature Constitutional Movement in Egypt, it is necessity that is the main purpose of the present article. This study was conducted by the descriptive and analytical approach based on the American school of comparative literature, and it shows that A) The teachings of Baharand Shoghi have global aspects, and it is a new message to the modern man. B) global messages of Shoghi and Baharis classifiable on basic topics: science, foreign and domestic politics, war, freedom, women's rights, and poverty.

[Fariborz Hossein Janzadeh, Ebrahim Saki. A comparative study of global messages in Babar and Shoghi s poem. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):94-97]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.14

Keywords: universal messages, Persian and Arabic poetry, Shoghi, Bahar

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A Review on Mating Designs

Aamer Mumtaz¹, Fareeha Zafar¹, *Saifulmalook¹, Aamar Shehzad¹

¹Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad

*Corresponding author email: aamer3002@gmail.com, saifulmalookpbg@gmail.com

Abstract: Selection of good mating design is necessary for getting success in plant breeding. Choice of mating designs depends upon several factors i.e., objective of study, time, space and other biological problems or limitations. For production of different progenies and achievement of their objectives, plant breeders used different mating designs and arrangements. In all mating designs crossing is done in half sibs and full sib methods by taking individuals randomly. In this review the aim is to highlight the method, merits and demerits of ten mating designs which are path coefficient analysis, Generation mean, Bi-parental mating, Line Tester design, Correlation, Diallel analysis, Partial Diallel analysis, Triple test cross, Combing ability, Triallel and quadriallel analysis and Discriminant function technique.

[Aamer Mumtaz, Fareeha Zafar, Saifulmalook, Aamar Shehzad. A Review on Mating Designs. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):98-105]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 15. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.15

Keywords: Path coefficient analysis, progenies, Generation mean, Parameters, mating

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Manhole Odor Filter Pilot Project For the Sewerage Network in Sana'a, Yemen

Fadhl Ali Al-Nozaily¹, Abdulwahab Ismael Salah¹, Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Mahdi¹ and Hala S. Doma²

¹Sana'a Water and Sanitation Local Corporation, Yemen

²Department of Water Pollution Control, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

drfadhl@yahoo.com

Abstract: A pilot project of manhole odor control unit was designed and implemented locally for the sewerage network of the last 5km from the side of WWTP at the Sana'a airport street, Sana'a, the capital city of Yemen. The project is implemented by Sana'a Water and Sanitation Local Corporation (SWSLC). The objective of this pilot project is to accommodate a cheap and sustainable technology to be implemented locally as innovation to eliminate the emitted bad odor in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and ammonia (NH₃), as well as using a suitable protective coating for the concrete inside the manholes to prevent corrosion. The pilot project was conducted during two months of August and September 2008. The results showed that at the very high point inside the manholes, the H₂S and NH₃ concentrations were135 and 118mg/l, respectively; while at 20cm aside from the manhole surface, the concentration of H₂S and NH₃ became 105 and 30mg/l, respectively, while increasing slightly at the top of the ventilation column (at the height of 6m) the H₂S and NH₃ concentrations were measured 119 and 49mg/l, respectively. The installed unit was filled with activated carbon to adsorb the gases causing bad odors emitted from sewerage system. The averaged H₂S measurements after installation of the units were averaged 20mgH₂S/l, but unfortunately, at the same time, the galvanized steel container was corroded and need to be replaced. The pilot project demonstrated that the technology of activated carbon to adsorb odors is able to solve the problem locally in Sana'a Yemen, lowering concentrations of hydrogen sulfide gas with efficiency of around 85% and inexpensively in addition to low maintenance costs. Assuming that the activated carbon cartridge shall have a minimum H₂S capacity of 0.20g/CC, the activated carbon could be used for 4-5 years before replacement if the H₂S concentration reached 117mg/l. Further efforts are needed to develop the use of plastic material instead of the galvanized steel container to prolong life of the unit, and determine the extent of affect of ammonia on the activated carbon and the need to add the wet biological filter to remove ammonia beforehand.

[Fadhl Ali Al-Nozaily, Abdulwahab Ismael Salah, Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Mahdi and Hala S. Doma. Manhole Odor Filter Pilot Project For the Sewerage Network in Sana'a, Yemen. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):106-112]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 16. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.16

Keywords: Odors, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, protective coating, manhole, corrosion.

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Xenobiotics and Bioremediation (Review)

Mona S Zaki¹, Olfat M Fawzi², Susan O. Mostafa², Mostafa F. Abd El-Zaher¹ and Nagwa S. Ata³

¹Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

²Department of Biochemistry National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

³Microbiology and Immunology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt

Dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Science of Aquatic ecosystem is the multidisciplinary study of aquatic systems, encompassing both marine and freshwater systems. Scientific investigations within this field often examine the human impact on and interaction with aquatic systems and range in scale from the molecular level of contaminants to the stresses on entire ecosystems. Some of the major fields of study within aquatic sciences include: biogeochemistry; aquatic ecology; oceanography; marine biology; hydrology and the study of lakes, rivers, groundwater and wetlands (limnology). Dense mate of water hyacinth can lower dissolved oxygen level in water bodies leading to reduction of aquatic fish production. Water hyacinth very efficient in taking up Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Ferric, Manganese, Aluminum, boron, Copper, Molybdenum, Zinc, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium favoring it growth over other aquatic species. When this macrophyte (water hyacinth) dies, sinks and decomposes, the water becomes more eutrophic due to the large release if nutrients. Water quality deteriorated, clean drinking water can be threatened and human health impacted.

[Mona S Zaki, Olfat M Fawzi, Susan O. Mostafa, Mostafa F. Abd El-Zaher and Nagwa S. Ata. Xenobiotics and Bioremediation (Review). Nat Sci 2015;13(2):113-115]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 17. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.17

Keyword: Xenobiotics, Bioremediation

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Heavy Metals in Fish (Review)

Mona S Zaki¹, Susan O Mostafa² and Olfat or Fawzy³

¹Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

²Department of Biochemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Historically, heavy metals (i.e. zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, etc.) rank as major polluting chemicals in both developed and developing countries. Probably the most important heavy metal source was, and still is in some countries, the waste waters arising from mining activities, such as mine drainage water, effluent from tailings ponds (where waste crushed ore is settled out) and drainage water from spoil heaps. These sources can continue to dis­charge heavy metals into watercourses long after the original mining activities have ceased.

[Mona S Zaki, Susan O Mostafa and Olfat or Fawzy. Heavy Metals in Fish (Review). Nat Sci 2015;13(2):116-118]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 18. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.18

Key words: Heavy Metals, Fish

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Aquatic Environmental Pollution (Review)

¹Mona S Zaki, ²Susan O Mostafa, and ³Samy S. Shalaby

¹Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

²Department of Biochemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

³Department Animal reproduction, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Today, we are cushioned against the vagaries of our climate by central heating and perhaps air-conditioning; modern agricultural practices and food preservation techniques provide us with a constant year-round supply of food and a varied diet. We tend to forget that natural populations of animals and plants can undergo considerable changes in abundance from year to year in response to fluctuations in climate and in predator-prey relationships. And we tend to expect our environment to remain constant and to regard any deviations as the result of human interference. Too often we overlook the role of climatic changes, especially the frequency and seasonal pattern of rainfall, on the balance of aquatic animal and plant communities. The relationship between additional loading and its effect on aquatic life in order to explain some of the terminology used. Pollution as defined above is caused when the effect of the loading on the resource is unacceptable. The point at which the load of a chemical is sufficiently.

[Mona S Zaki, Susan O Mostafa, and Samy S. Shalaby. Aquatic Environmental Pollution Review. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):119-121]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 19. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.19

Keywords: climate; heating; air-conditioning; modern agricultural practice; chemical

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Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Sanaa S. Gazareen, Ahmed A.M. Shoaib, Alaa A. E. Dawood and Samy M. Haggag

Internal medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

samy.haggag@yahoo.com.

Abstract: Objective: Studying prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Background: Diabetes is an increasingly important metabolic disease, globally In 2013 there are 382 million people with diabetes and this is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035. Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an immunologically mediated disease, prevention studies undertaken is (primary, secondary and tertiary prevention). Materials and Methods: All available published articles were reviewed including Textbooks, Journals, and Website for conduction of the research. Results: Advances in treatment for subjects with T1DM are not yet sufficient to prevent the harmful effects of diabetes and the early morbidity and mortality still associated with the disease. Increased understanding of the natural history of the T1DM disease process expanded the concept of prevention to include primary, secondary and Tertiary prevention. Conclusions: A variety of immune interventions have been used some immunosuppressive and some immunomodulatory drugs. A lasting clinically beneficial response has not yet been forthcoming.

[Sanaa S. Gazareen, Ahmed A.M. Shoaib, Alaa A.E. Dawood and Samy M. Haggag. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):122-127]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 20. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.20

Key words: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Prevention, Type 1 Diabetes

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Detection of occult HBV Infection in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection

Gamal Esmat, Raed Hamed Mansour², Samy Zaky², El-Sayed Gaber Ammar², Hany Mahmoud Khattab³, Mohmed Salem Negm², Farid Atia², A hmed Ali Gomma⁵, Essam Ali Hassan⁵ and Abd–Elnaser A. Zarzora⁴

¹Tropical Medicine and Endemic Liver Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

²Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Egypt

³Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo University, Egypt

⁴Al Qaher Al Fatemia Hospital-Cairo,Egypt.

⁵Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt.

drsaidammar@yahoo.com

Abstract: HBV and HCV infections represent a major global public health problem. They replicate in the same hepatocyte without interference. Nevertheless, HBV DNA level is often low or undetectable. Occult HBV infection (OBI) is defined by the presence of HBV DNA in individuals who test negative for HBsAg. OBI-HCV co-infection may be associated with more severe liver damage, increased risk of HCC, reduced response to interferon treatment and potential risk of HBV. Aim: Detection of OBI in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection. Patients and Methods: From July 2011 through October 2012, 325 eligible compensated chronic HCV patients (HBs-Ag negative) enrolled after providing informed consent. They were divided into: GI: 236 patients with –ve HBc-Ab and GII: 89 patients (27.3%) with HBc-Ab +ve. HBV-DNA and Orsein test for liver biopsy were performed for GII. Results: prevalence of HBc-Ab in (HCV-infection/ HBsAg–ve) patients was 27.3%. There was insignificant difference between HBcAb-positive (GII) and HBcAb-negative as regarding mean age, BMI, RBS, CBC, renal, liver and thyroid functions. All cases with HBcAb positive showed no HBV viremia by PCR. However, the detection of OBI, using orcein test, was 13.4% (12/89) i.e. 3.69% (12/325) of total cases. No significant difference between (HCV mono-infection = OBI negative) and (HCV and OBI dual infection) patients as regard liver function, Alfa-fetoprotein, activity of inflammation, stage of fibrosis, and basic level of HCV-RNA viremia. Conclusion: prevalence of OBI in chronic HCV Egyptian patients was 3.69%. No significant effect of HCV and OBI-dual infection on stage of fibrosis, inflammation activity, or basic level of HCV-RNA viremia.

[Gamal Esmat, Raed Hamed Mansour, Samy Zaky, El-Sayed Gaber Ammar, Hany Mahmoud Khattab, Mohmed Salem Negm, Farid Atia A hmed Ali Gomma, Essam Ali Hassan and Abd–Elnaser A. Zarzora. Detection of occult HBV Infection in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):128-132]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 21. doi:10.7537/marsnsj130215.21

Keywords: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Occult HBV infection, chronic HCV infection, Orcein test, Egyptian

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